Address terms are closely related to the conceptualisation of hierarchical relations in a speech community, so, since – at least in Western societies – tendencies towards a flattening of hierarchies have been noted (cf. Mair, 2006), we expect changes in this domain. Some evidence has been produced for German, American and British English, but empirical insights on address choice in Indian English are lacking to date. As it tends to be a conservative variety (cf. e.g. Collins, 2012), we might expect resistance to change.
The study makes a novel use of discourse completion tasks to investigate ongoing change using an ‘apparent-time’ approach. Our findings support the view of Indian English as conservative and of American English as changing most clearly towards informalisation, visible in the increasing use of informal attention getters (hey!). However, evidence of recent change is otherwise not as pronounced as expected and actually absent regarding pronoun choice in German.
The course of infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in peritoneal macrophages, phytohemagglutinin (PHA-)stimulated (T-)lymphocytes and lipopolysaccharide (LPS-)stimulated (B-)lymphocytes of NMRI-mice was studied by means of electron microscopy. Non-stimulated as well as thioglycolate-stimulated macrophages were investigated; lymphocytes were derived both from HSV-1-sensitized and non-sensitized animals. The morphological characteristics of the abortive infection in macrophages and T-lymphocytes and of the productive infection in B-lymphocytes are described. No differences were observed between stimulated and non-stimulated cells or cells of sensitized and non-sensitized animals.
The discourse surrounding transgender people has for a long time been influenced by certain narrative practices necessary to authenticate people’s trans status to medical professionals. This conventional narrative (master narrative), based on ideals of hetero- and cisnormativity, has led to stereotypical representations of trans identities. These largely continue to exist today. Nevertheless, counter-discourse to these stereotypical representations is becoming more prominent. Particularly YouTube has become an increasingly popular platform for counter-discursive action. The current case study therefore focusses on two transgender YouTubers who challenge the normative ideals by creating their own counter-discourse. The YouTubers address four major topics of stereotypical representation: the ideal of binary gender, heterosexuality, the wish to transition in order to pass as cisgender, and the belief that transgender people have always identified as the other gender. The two creators recognise the discursively reproduced stereotypes and use a combination of five different strategies to refute them: Inversion, Parody, Complexification, Shift, and Personal Experience. Making use of these strategies, the subjects’ positive discourse aims at presenting a multi-faceted representation of transgender identities.
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