The degree of variability in the composition of herbal medicines was studied on the example of the preparation of St. John's wort from various Ukrainian producers. The Cu and Zn contents were the most stable compared to other (Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd) microelements among plants of different origins. The content of toxic elements (Pb, Cd) did not exceed the established standards. Meanwhile, a 2-3-fold concentration difference was observed for hyperforin, an active pharmaceutical ingredient in St. John’s wort. Thus, the existing standards do not ensure the stability of the composition of herbal preparations. As a result, the quality of medicinal drugs can be significantly different. The key reason for the variation in plant composition is environmental influence, including anthropogenic factors. Existing training programs for prospective specialists of the pharmaceutical industry do not pay enough attention to the impact of the environment on the quality of herbal raw materials. Necessary changes to the syllabi of relevant disciplines are formulated to eliminate this shortcoming and ensure sustainable development of raw materials sources for the pharmaceutical industry.

Мета роботи. Провести аналіз вітчизняного фармацевтичного ринку контрастних лікарських засобів (КЛЗ); встановити обсяг асортиментних позицій вітчизняних виробників та визначити домінуючий сегмент за якісним складом досліджуваних ЛЗ.  Матеріали і методи. Аналіз проводили на основі даних Державного реєстру лікарських засобів України, електронних баз даних, інформаційно-пошукової програми «Моріон» станом на 2019 рік. Отримані дані досліджень опрацьовували методами узагальнення, систематизації, графічного, порівняльного та структурного аналізу. Результати й обговорення. Встановлено, що до групи зареєстрованих КЛЗ відноситься 36 найменуваннь, з них 31 ЛЗ належать до йодовмісних КЛЗ (5 ЛЗ – йонні, 26 ЛЗ – нейонні), 5 препаратів складають контрастні засоби на основі гадолінію та барію. Лідером імпортних препаратів є фірма-виробник і заявник Юнік Фармасьютикал Лабораторіз, Індія, частка якої складає 27,8 %. Обсяг вітчизняного асортиментного сегмента знаходиться на рівні 33,4 %, провідне місце серед вітчизняних виробників посідає фармацевтичне підприємство ПАТ «Фармак». Вивчено структуру асортименту дослiджуваної групи за торговельними назвами (ТН) та країнами-виробниками: загальна кількість ТН становить 17 найменувань КЛЗ, із них 5 ТН – лікарські засоби вітчизняних фармацевтичних підприємств. До основного складу досліджених контрастних ЛЗ входить 10 активних фармацевтичних інгредієнтів (АФІ), а також такі допоміжні речовини, як трометамол і/або трометамін та меглюмін, що сприяють зменшенню негативної реакції на організм людини та покращують загальні властивості КЛЗ. Висновки. Встановлено, що український ринок КЛЗ формується, в основному, за рахунок iмпортних ЛЗ, їх питома вага складає 66,6 %. Встановлено відсутність вітчизняного виробництва нейонних йодовмісних КЛЗ: йопромід, йодиксанол.

Aim. Analysis and systematization of the main market trends development in pressurized pharmaceutical preparations in pharmaceutical and veterinary practice. Materials and methods. Methods of systematic approach, bibliographic methods, information retrieval, analysis, comparison and generalization, statistical processing, tabular and graphic means of visual presentation of the obtained data were used during the market research.  The analysis of registered in Ukraine pressurized pharmaceutical preparations was carried out based on the data of the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine, “Morion” information search program, the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification of electronic resource Compendium.online and the list of registered veterinary medicinal products. Research results. The paper presents the results of the marketing analysis of the Ukraine pharmaceutical market of pressurized pharmaceutical preparations for medical and veterinary practice. As of April 2022, the total number of registered medicinal products is 65 names, of which 58 (89,23%) are for medical purposes and 7 (10,77%) for veterinary purposes. The studied drugs in the form of aerosols are represented by 8 anatomical groups for use in medicine and 3 anatomical groups for veterinary practice. The market segmentation of these drug groups was carried out in accordance with the classification of ATC, by active substance, producing countries, type of propellant and field of purpose. It was determined that the share of aerosols for inhalation (Antiasthmatics) is 53.85%, aerosols for use in the oral cavity - 15.38%, aerosols for local use - 12.3%. Conclusions. The analysis of the Ukraine pharmaceutical market in pressurised pharmaceutical preparations segment shows an increase in domestic market of pharmaceuticals not only in number of products, but also in medical indications of pharmaceuticals and veterinary drugs. The modern production facilities and the modern technologies of development for the production of metered aerosols remains an important factor in the market growth. A promising direction is the creation of foam drugs in the form of aerosols for the prevention and treatment of gynecological diseases, intrauterine infections and dermatological lesions.

The paper focuses on the investigation of lexical-semantic features of ethnic tolerance representation in modern American presidential discourse. Linguistic studios interpret tolerance as a universal category that forms communication, affects its mechanisms and results. In this paper ethnic tolerance in American presidential discourse is defined as a compliance of the addresser and addressee of the presidential discourse with the ethical model of interethnic relations and popularization of this model that aims at society consolidation. Ethnic tolerance is manifested through an unbiased assessment, acceptance of different worldviews, faiths and cultures, awareness of equal rights and respect for democratic freedoms. The set of semantic components of the concept of tolerance in the English language is distinguished and four lexico-semantic groups representing ethnic tolerance in American presidential discourse: “culture of the alien”, “cooperation”, “attitude to the alien”, “right to independence” are identified. These groups are singled out given the dominance of semantic components of tolerance which denote the object of tolerance, the form of relations with the object of tolerance, the attitude to the object of tolerance and the right of the object of tolerance. The verbal representation of ethnic tolerance in American presidential discourse is characterized by non-categoricity, the use of plural first person pronouns and vocabulary with positive and negative connotation to emphasize positive intentions towards other states and nations. Taking into account the functional and stylistic components, the language means of ethnic tolerance are represented by political, legal and diplomatic terminology. The analysis of the lexico-semantic means that represent ethnic tolerance in modern American presidential discourse makes it possible to identify the basic value of this type of discourse and clarify the main features of the implementation of the ethnic tolerant behaviour.

The range of doxycycline drugs on the pharmaceutical market of the Ukraine is very limited and is represented by solid forms (capsules and tablets) while a rapid effect and maximum bioavailability of the drug can be provided by parenteral administration. The object of the study is the drug doxycycline hyclate in the form of lyophilisate to prepare solution for injections. During the development of the drug it was taken into account that aqueous doxycycline solution is pH dependent and tends to shift the solution pH during long-term storage. Therefore, excipients such as stabilizer and antioxidant providing buffering properties and stability of the solution were introduced into the composition. According to the research results an optimal composition of lyophilized powder was selected, the production technology with the stage of solution treatment with activated carbon was developed which allowed to obtain lyophilized powder with a well-formed porous mass without splits, cracks and fissures, resistant to shaking, and the prepared solution for parenteral administration is stable by the «Degree of coloration» quality indicator during accelerated storage regimen. It was found that doxycycline hyclate in the form of a lyophilisate shows a wide range of antibacterial activity. Comparative studies in vitro for two drugs, in the form of lyophilisate with doxycycline hyclate for injections and hard gelatin capsules with 100 mg of doxycycline hyclate, confirm equivalence of their bacteriostatic action against bacteria causing infectious diseases in humans.