Background This analysis aims to evaluate the association between the time since and reason for a patient's last dental appointment across clinical oral health outcomes. Methods We used data from the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), a cross-sectional nationally-representative of US noninstitutionalized adults. The predictors were the time since last dental appointment and the reason for the last dental appointment (routine vs. urgent). We examined the presence and number of missing teeth and teeth with untreated coronal and root caries. Multivariable regression models were used to assess the interaction between time since last dental appointment and reason of the appointment on clinical oral health outcomes. Results Two-thirds of the US population had a dental appointment within a year, while 53 million individuals did not visit a dentist for the last three years. The odds of having teeth with untreated coronal or root caries increased with the length of time since the last routine appointment. Compared to those who had a dental appointment within a year, individuals who had their last dental appointment more than 3 years ago had 0.44 times the odds of having missing teeth among routine users (95%CI = 0.33, 0.59) and 0.67 times the odds among urgent users (95%CI = 0.45, 0.98). Conclusions Recent routine dental appointments are associated with improved oral health outcomes. Disparities exist in access to care for low-income and/or members of racial/ethnic minorities. The outcomes reiterate how social determinants of health impact access to oral health care and subsequent oral health outcomes.

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