Current theories propose that anxiety adversely impacts working memory (WM) by restricting WM capacity and interfering with efficient filtering of task‐irrelevant information. The current study investigated the effect of shock‐induced state anxiety on WM capacity and the ability to filter task‐irrelevant neutral stimuli. We measured the contralateral delay activity (CDA), an event‐related potential that indexes the number of items maintained in WM, while participants completed a lateralized change detection task. The task included low and high WM loads, as well as a low load plus distracter condition. This design was used to assess WM capacity for low and high loads and investigate an individual's ability to filter neutral task‐irrelevant stimuli. Participants completed the task under two conditions, threat of shock and safe. We observed a reduced CDA in the threat compared to the safe condition that was specific for high memory load. However, we did not find any differences in CDA filtering cost between threat and safe conditions. In addition, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance between the threat and safe conditions. These findings suggest that being in an anxious state reduces the neural representation for large amounts of information in WM, but have little effect on the filtering of neutral distracters.

There is growing interest in compassion within the context of counseling, given its potential to support the well-being of both clients and counselors. For counselors, compassion may improve self-care and protect against various empathy-related stressors, such as empathic distress. Compassion is commonly taught and studied according to a division of self-compassion or other-oriented compassion (also, other-compassion). However, it has long been recognized that the lived experience of compassion is not so neatly divided. The Buddhist traditions that have informed compassion science emphasize the interconnectedness of self and others, such that the lived experience of compassion can occur in more combined and holistic forms that orient toward suffering in both oneself and others. This may be especially important for understanding compassion in counseling, where the clinical utility of empathy for suffering may result in moments of shared suffering. We therefore conducted a qualitative study to explore how counselors with compassion training experience and use both self-and other-compassion, including an exploration of relationships between compassion orientations. Findings revealed self-and other-compassion could be experienced as relatively distinct, with benefits for both counselors and clients. Yet we also found ample evidence for the experience of self-and other-compassion in more interrelated and combined forms, with additional unique benefits. To our knowledge, these findings are the first evidence of combined compassion experiences in counselors, highlighting the need for more research on how self-and other-oriented compassion interrelate, as well as how they can be experienced and employed together in therapy. Clinical Impact StatementQuestion: How do counselors with compassion training understand and use both self-and otheroriented compassion to support themselves and their clients? Findings: Counselors employ self-and other-oriented compassion in relatively distinct ways, as well as in combined forms that may be mutually beneficial for themselves and their clients. Meaning: To maximize benefits of compassion training, it may be ideal for counselors to train in both self-and other-oriented compassion, including how to experience and use them together. Next Steps: In addition to studies on one orientation of compassion or another, more research is needed to explore various relationships between self-compassion and compassion for others.