Endometrial cancer is rising in prevalence. The standard treatment modality of hysterectomy is becoming increasingly inadequate due primarily to the direct link between endometrial cancer and high BMI which increases surgical risks. This is an immunogenic cancer, with unique molecular subtypes associated with differential immune infiltration. Despite the immunogenicity of endometrial cancer, there is limited pre-clinical and clinical evidence of the function of immune cells in both the normal and cancerous endometrium. Immune checkpoint inhibitors for endometrial cancer are the most well studied type of immune therapy but these are not currently used as standard-of-care and importantly, they represent only one method of immune manipulation. There is limited evidence regarding the use of other immunotherapies as surgical adjuvants or alternatives. Levonorgestrel-loaded intra-uterine systems can also be effective for early-stage disease, but with varying success. There is currently no known reason as to what predisposes some patients to respond while others do not. As hormones can directly influence immune cell function, it is worth investigating the immune compartment in this context. This review assesses the immunological components of the endometrium and describes how the immune microenvironment changes with hormones, obesity, and in progression to malignancy. It also describes the importance of investigating novel pathways for immunotherapy.

Mānuka honey-derived methylglyoxal enhanced MAIT cell activation by increasing conversion of microbial 5-A-RU to the potent MAIT cell activator, 5-OP-RU.

Metabolic diseases continue to rise in global prevalence. Although there is evidence that current methods of treatment are effective, the continued rise in prevalence indicates that alternative, more efficient treatment options are needed. Over the last several years, immune cells have been increasingly studied as important players in the development of a range of diseases, including metabolic diseases such as obesity and obesityinduced type 2 diabetes. This review explores how understanding the intrinsic metabolism of innate-like T cells could provide potential targets for treating metabolic disease, and highlights research areas needed to advance this promising therapeutic approach.