Exposure to hypoxia results in vasoconstriction of the pulmonary vasculature (HPV) leading to pulmonary hypertension (HPH) and reductions in blood oxygen saturation and exercise performance. Alleviation of HPV and HPH via vasodilators has been shown to improve blood oxygen saturation and exercise performance in hypoxia. Garlic has been shown to reduce HPV and HPH in rats and has been suggested to have ergogenic effects in hypoxic exercise. We compared the effects of 7 days of supplementation with garlic and placebo on peripheral blood pressures, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, oxygen consumption, and time to exhaustion during a progressive exercise test to exhaustion in humans under hypoxia (PIO2 ∼ 88 Torr). No significant differences were observed between treatments regarding oxygen consumption, exercise or resting peripheral blood pressures, blood oxygen saturation, heart rates, or exercise time to exhaustion. These results do not support garlic consumption as a method for improving peripheral blood pressure, maximal oxygen consumption, blood oxygen saturation, exercising heart rate, heart rate response, or exercise performance in hypoxia.

This study examined patient outcomes from accidents involving nontraditional motorized vehicles. A total of 558 patients aged >17 years were observed retrospectively. The study groups were divided by age. The Adult Trauma Group (ATG) (N=452) consisted of patients aged 18-64 years and the Elderly Trauma Group (ETG) (N=106) consisted of patients aged ≥65 years. Allterrain vehicle (ATV) accidents were the most common (N=437, 78%) among both study groups and also the primary cause of death, with 17 deaths (4%). The most common discharge disposition was home or self-care (routine discharge) with 427 patients (77%). The mortality rate of the total population was 4.1% (23 total deaths). There was a statistically significant difference in length of hospital stay (p=0.03) and length of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) stay (p=0.03) between the two groups and patients ≥65 years were statistically more likely to be discharged to a care facility vs. home. Nontraditional motorized vehicles continue to grow in popularity in all ages and the effect of age on patient outcomes after injury is an important area to evaluate.

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PURPOSE:To characterize pulmonary function in young competitive swimmers in order to gain additional insight into the influence of swim training on breathing in prepubescent children. METHODS:Eight healthy young competitive swimmers (4 boys and 4 girls; 10.7 ± 0.8 years old; 146.6 ± 6.5 cm; 41.1 ± 7.8 kg) completed a set of resting pulmonary function tests including maximal flow-volume (MFV) maneuvers preceding and following an incremental exercise test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer. During exercise, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE), and EFL were measured. The degree of EFL was determined by the percentage of the exercise tidal volume corresponding to an infringement of the expiratory portion of the MFV loop. In order to compare our data with reported values of agematched untrained prepubescent children (Nourry et al., 2005), a one sample t-test was used. RESULTS:Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were 2.66 ± 0.52 liters and 2.40 ± 0.42 liters, respectively. At maximal exercise, expiratory reserve volume (ERV) was 0.91 ± 0.29 liters. VO2max and VEmax were 44.0 ± 6.2 (ml·kg -1 ·min -1 ) and 69.3 ± 18.6 (l·min -1 ), respectively. FEV1, ERV, and VO2max in young swimmers were significantly higher than reported values of untrained prepubescents (p < 0.01). Only three subjects demonstrated a substantial amount of EFL (59, 48, and 18%) during maximal exercise, while five of the eight young swimmers did not present EFL. CONCLUSION:Pulmonary function and ventilatory and metabolic measures in young swimmers are not in agreement with those in untrained prepubescents. The young swimmers in this study showed less prevalence of EFL (3/8, 37.5%) than previous reports (56~95%). Therefore, our data suggest that tidal flowvolume relationships during maximal exercise in prepubescent swimmers differ from those of non-swimmers. PURPOSE:The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of supervised physical activity on central pressures and vascular function in young children.METHODS: 6 young subjects (3 males, 3 females, age 10 +/-1.5 years, body fat 21 ± 3.6%) were recruited into a local supervised summer activity program. Each subject performed supervised play-based activities such as hiking, soccer and theraband resistance activity for 5 days per week, 6 hours a day during summer camp. Pre and post-training measurements included pulse wave velocity (PWV), augmentation index (AIx), VO2peak, and seated resting blood pressure. RESULTS:AIx decreased significantly (20.3 ± 12.3 to 11.1 ± 9.9%, p=0.029) following training and whole body arterial stiffness (carotid to dorsalis pedis) decreased (7.9 ± 1.6 to 6.4 ± 0.3 m/s, p=0.025). CONCLUSION:These data show that 4 weeks of supervised exercise elicit cardioprotective benefits on the central pressures and vascular function in adolescent males and females suggesting functional remodeling in 4 weeks of supervised activity.The cardiovascular and vascular effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training are well known in adults,...

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