With the published clinical data to hand on the therapeutic results of patients with idiopathic sudden hearing loss, acoustic trauma or noise-induced hearing loss, it may be confirmed that 65% of those polypragmatically treated patients demonstrated a hearing improvement of 19 +/- 4 dB. In 35% of the cases, no hearing improvement was detected independent of the drugs administered. This corresponds to the results obtained from placebo-treated patients who demonstrated a hearing improvement of 20 +/- 2 dB in 61% of cases and no hearing gain in 39% of cases (fig. 1). A different set of results was obtained from patients with a hearing loss who were treated either with prednisolone or placebo. The percentage of patients who achieved normal hearing again in the placebo-treated group amounted to 31% and 38% and in the verum-treated group 50% and 78%. It may be concluded that a placebo therapy is equally effective to that of all nonsteroidal drugs. Problems arise when comparing non-treated patients since information on spontaneous remission rates differs greatly in the references, i.e. between 25-68% for spontaneous full remissions and 47-89% for spontaneous partial remissions. From a statistical view, 35% and 39% of patients experienced no success with nonsteroidal drugs or placebo, respectively. These patients can still be helped with HBO therapy. 18 patients only underwent primary HBO therapy. In all other 50 studies evaluated here with a total of 4, 109 patients suffering from idiopathic sudden hearing loss, acoustic trauma or noise-induced hearing loss and/or tinnitus, HBO therapy was administered as a secondary therapy, i.e. following unsuccessful conventional therapy. If the onset of affliction was more than 2 weeks but no longer than 6 weeks, one half of the cases showed a marked hearing gain (in at least 3 frequencies of more than 20 dB), one-third showed a moderate improvement (10-20 dB) and 13% showed no hearing improvement at all (fig. 2). 4% no longer experienced tinnitus, 81.3% observed an intensity decrease and 1.2% an intensity increase of their tinnitus condition. 13.5% remained unchanged (fig. 2). If HBO therapy was administered at a later stage, but still within 3 months following onset of affliction, 13% showed a definite improvement in hearing, 25% a moderate improvement and 62% no improvement at all. 7% no longer suffered from tinnitus, 44% reported an intensity decrease, a similar percentage noticed no change and 5% a temporary deterioration of their tinnitus condition. If the onset of affliction was longer than 3 months up to several years, no hearing improvement can be expected in the majority of patients (fig. 3); however, one third of the cases reported an intensity decrease of tinnitus, 60-62% reported no change and 4-7% noticed a temporary intensity increase (fig. 4). In conclusion, it may be deduced that HBO therapy is recommended and warranted in those patients with idiopathic sudden deafness, acoustic trauma or noise-induced hearing loss within 3 months after onset of disorder.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a noninvasive widely applied treatment that increases the oxygen pressure in tissues. In cochlear implant (CI) research, intracochlear application of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) is able to improve survival of spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) after deafness. Cell-based delivery of NTFs such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may be realized by cell-coating of the surface of the CI electrode. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) secrete a variety of different neurotrophic factors and may be used for the development of a biohybrid electrode in order to release endogenously-derived neuroprotective factors for the protection of residual SGN and for a guided outgrowth of dendrites in the direction of the CI electrode. HBOT could be used to influence cell behaviour after transplantation to the inner ear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HBOT on the proliferation, BDNF-release and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Thus, model cells (an immortalized fibroblast cell line (NIH3T3)–native and genetically modified) and MSCs were repeatedly (3 x – 10 x) exposed to 100% oxygen at different pressures. The effects of HBO on cell proliferation were investigated in relation to normoxic and normobaric conditions (NOR). Moreover, the neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of HBO-treated cells were analysed by cultivation of SGN in conditioned medium. Both, the genetically modified NIH3T3/BDNF and native NIH3T3 fibroblasts, showed a highly significant increased proliferation after five days of HBOT in comparison to normoxic controls. By contrast, the number of MSCs was decreased in MSCs treated with 2.0 bar of HBO. Treating SGN cultures with supernatants of fibroblasts and MSCs significantly increased the survival rate of SGN. HBO treatment did not influence (increase / reduce) this effect. Secretome analysis showed that HBO treatment altered the protein expression pattern in MSCs.
Vor 25 Jahren wurden die ersten erfolgreichen Ergebnisse mit der hyperbaren Sauerstofftherapie (hyperbare Oxygenation, HBO) bei verschiedenen akuten Erkrankungen des Innenohres publiziert. Seitdem wurden 68 Publikationen verÖffentlicht mit 4280 Patienten, die aufgrund unterschiedlicher Innenohrerkrankungen nach erfolglosen konventionellen Behandlungsversuchen mit hyperbarem Sauerstoff therapiert wurden. In der vorliegenden Übersicht wurden die Ergebnisse aus der Literatur kritisch referiert und mit eigenen aktuellen klinischen Studien hinsichtlich der HÒrverbesserung und der Wirkung auf den Tinnitus bei Patienten mit einem idiopathischen HÖrsturz oder Knall- und LÄrmtraumata verglichen. Wenn die hyperbare Sauerstofftherapie zwischen der 2. und 6. Woche nach Beginn der Erkrankung nach erfolgloser Vorbehandlung mit konventionellen Therapieverfahren begonnen wurde (sekundÄre HBO-Therapie, 46 Publikationen mit 2338 Patienten), konnte noch ein absoluter HÖrgewinn um mehr als 20 dB in mehr als drei Frequenzen in 54,3% der FÄlle erreicht werden, wobei 11 % dieser FÄlle wieder ein normales GehÖr erlangten. In 45,7% der FÄlle konnte nur noch ein HÖrgewinn um 10–20 dB (32,3%) oder weniger als 10 dB (13,4%) erzielt werden. In nur sieben der obengenannten 46 Publikationen wurde auch der Effekt auf den Tinnitus berÜcksichtigt (1223 Patienten): 4% der FÄlle hatten nach der sekundÄren HBO-Therapie keinen Tinnitus mehr, 81,3% gaben eine deutliche IntensitÄtsminderung an, bei 13,5% blieb der Tinnitus unverÄndert und 1,2% bemerkten eine Verschlechterung. Diese klinischen Ergebnisse sprechen dafÜr, dass die HBO-Therapie selbst nach erfolgloser Vorbehandlung bei bis zu 6 Wochen alten InnenohrschÄden infolge eines HÖrsturzes oder Knall-und LÄrmtraumata gerechtfertigt und zu empfehlen ist. Bei erfolglos vorbehandelten chronischen InnenohrschÄden, bei denen der Erkrankungsbeginn mindestens 1 Monat bis mehrere Jahre zurÜcklag (2 Studien mit 1539 Patienten) konnte mit der sekundÄren HBO-Therapie noch in 34,6–36,6% der FÄlle mit einem absoluten HÖrgewinn um mehr als 7,5 dB bis z.T. Über 20 dB in mehr als drei Frequenzen erzielt werden. Eine deutliche Reduktion bis Heilung des Tinnitus gaben 37,1% (von 202 Patienten) bzw. 50,7% (von 1371 Patienten) an; bei 62,9% (von 202 Patienten) bzw. 41,2% (von 1371 Patienten) blieb der Tinnitus unverÄndert; 8,1% (von 1371 Patienten) bemerkten eine vorÜbergehende Verschlechterung des Tinnitus. Wenn der InnenohrschÄden vor der hyperbaren Oxygenation hingegen lÄnger als 3 Monate bis mehrere Jahre bestanden hatte (1 Studie mit 45 Patienten), konnte keine HÖrverbesserung mehr erreicht werden, aber 33,4% dieser FÄlle bemerkten eine IntensitÄtsminderung und 6,6% eine temporÄre Verschlechterung des Tinnitus. Ausweislich der wenigen bisher vorliegenden Nachuntersuchungsergebnisse muss derzeit noch davon ausgegangen werden, dass der therapeutische Effekt bei chronischen InnenohrschÄden bei der Überwiegenden Mehrzahl der Patienten nur von vorÜbergehender Dauer ist.
Key Clinical MessageConcurrent hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) and intratympanic steroid application (ITS) are beneficial as salvage therapy for therapy‐refractory sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The findings encourage further research on the treatment of noise‐induced and idiopathic SSNHL with concurrent use of HBOT and ITS respecting also patients with long‐term or therapy‐refractory SSNHL.
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on cochlear microphonics, action potential of the auditory nerve, and brain stem response damaged by short exposure to noise is varied. Of 26 guinea pigs 14 showed a positive influence as measured by amplitudes. In 12 animals oxygen had little or no effect. The reason for this could lie in the individual reaction to the anesthetic of the section of the auditory nerve tested. The reaction of postmortem cochlear microphonics after hyperbaric oxygen treatment indicates oxygen diffusion through the round window.
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