Questions such as 'What is ICT?' and 'What is development?' are relatively wellanswered and well-documented in literature but work connecting the two has been limited. Existing ICT4D studies tend to be descriptive or prescriptive in nature, and hence the explanation of how and why ICT works in the contexts of developing countries needs further investigation. ICT cannot by itself lead to development: it has to be deployed by actors in a given social, political, cultural, and technical context, under conditions at the time of deployment. The interplay of the above-mentioned elements in any given development situation relies on underlying mechanisms that may explain how and why ICT leads to development. Therefore, it is important to investigate questions like "What mechanisms link ICT and development?" and "How do we identify these mechanisms?". To research and answer these questions, we propose a critical realism-based four-step methodological approach. The core idea of the critical realism-based approach suggested in this study is to identify the underlying mechanism (s), particularly in ICT4D contexts, to explain how and why ICT leads to development.We illustrate the proposed methodology by applying it in a case study from Nepal.
Offentlig sektor erfarer i økende grad et behov for innovasjon og teknologiutvikling av sine tjenester. Et viktig premiss er at nye løsninger skal løse reelle og fremtidsrettede behov, og som en følge av dette har oppmerksomheten rundt brukerinvolvering økt de senere årene. Det er mangel på kunnskap om hvordan brukeropplevelser kan bidra, og mange innovasjonsprosjekter har mislyktes på grunn av manglende forståelse for behovene til dem som skal dra nytte av nye løsninger. Det manglende kunnskapsgrunnlaget utfordres saerlig når man skal innovere i komplekse kontekster der mange aktører er involvert, og når sluttbruker har en kognitiv funksjonsnedsettelse. Disse utfordringene er fremtredende i innovasjonsprosjektet «InnArbeid», hvor hensikten er å innovere overgangen fra skole til arbeidsliv for personer med utviklingshemming. I denne artikkelen vil erfaringene fra InnArbeid benyttes som case for å belyse metodiske og etiske aspekter ved behovskartlegging for innovasjon. Sentrale erfaringer er at et tverrfaglig perspektiv og tett samarbeid med offentlig sektor er viktig i denne prosessen. Videre er en fleksibel og pragmatisk tilnaerming til datainnsamling avgjørende for å innhente relevant kunnskap.
This paper argues that students in Information Systems (Systems Analysts) have learned methods, methodologies and techniques, but have less experience in self-reflection and self-awareness. Systems Analysts are central in developing Information Systems and need to communicate and understand people with many different backgrounds and perspectives concerning use of Information systems. The paper suggests a curriculum that may give the students a learning environment that opens up possibilities for self-reflection and self-awareness. These virtues can only be obtained as a by-product of something else and is best learned via learning in action. Hopefully they will improve the Systems Analyst's capabilities to construct good and useful Information Systems.
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