Reflux is the predominant risk factor for BO, and proximal gastric colonization of H. pylori seems to amplify this risk.

While BO is not common among Swedish gastroscopy patients, IM and PAM are found in every 7th and 6th patient, respectively. Age-dependent increments in prevalence suggest that not only BO and IM, but also cardia-type mucosa are acquired and/or progressive lesions.

MR has a higher sensitivity than US for diagnosing acute cholecystitis and, with increased accessibility, may be the first imaging method.

Both procedures offer good long-term control of reflux symptom, with modest post-fundoplication symptoms. Anterior 120° fundoplication results in less dysphagia, better ability to belch and vomit than total fundoplication at 10-year follow-up. The results suggest that APF could be an alternative to Nissen fundoplication in the surgical treatment of mild-moderate GERD.

Pancreatic acinar metaplasia might be an age-dependent lesion, associated with H. pylori, female gender and gastro-oesophageal reflux if located above the GOJ.