Statistical regularities in the environment create prior beliefs that we rely on to optimize our behavior when sensory information is uncertain. Bayesian theory formalizes how prior beliefs can be leveraged and has had a major impact on models of perception, sensorimotor function, and cognition. However, it is not known how recurrent interactions among neurons mediate Bayesian integration. By using a timeinterval reproduction task in monkeys, we found that prior statistics warp neural representations in the frontal cortex, allowing the mapping of sensory inputs to motor outputs to incorporate prior statistics in accordance with Bayesian inference. Analysis of recurrent neural network models performing the task revealed that this warping was enabled by a low-dimensional curved manifold and allowed us to further probe the potential causal underpinnings of this computational strategy. These results uncover a simple and general principle whereby prior beliefs exert their influence on behavior by sculpting cortical latent dynamics.

No abstract

Large-scale recordings of neural activity are providing new opportunities to study network-level dynamics. However, the sheer volume of data and its dynamical complexity are critical barriers to uncovering and interpreting these dynamics. Deep learning methods are a promising approach due to their ability to uncover meaningful relationships from large, complex, and noisy datasets. When applied to high-D spiking data from motor cortex (M1) during stereotyped behaviors, they offer improvements in the ability to uncover dynamics and their relation to subjects’ behaviors on a millisecond timescale. However, applying such methods to less-structured behaviors, or in brain areas that are not well-modeled by autonomous dynamics, is far more challenging, because deep learning methods often require careful hand-tuning of complex model hyperparameters (HPs). Here we demonstrate AutoLFADS, a large-scale, automated model-tuning framework that can characterize dynamics in diverse brain areas without regard to behavior. AutoLFADS uses distributed computing to train dozens of models simultaneously while using evolutionary algorithms to tune HPs in a completely unsupervised way. This enables accurate inference of dynamics out-of-the-box on a variety of datasets, including data from M1 during stereotyped and free-paced reaching, somatosensory cortex during reaching with perturbations, and frontal cortex during cognitive timing tasks. We present a cloud software package and comprehensive tutorials that enable new users to apply the method without needing dedicated computing resources.