With the current interest in cultured meat, mammalian cell-based meat has mostly been unstructured. There is thus still a high demand for artificial steak-like meat. We demonstrate in vitro construction of engineered steak-like tissue assembled of three types of bovine cell fibers (muscle, fat, and vessel). Because actual meat is an aligned assembly of the fibers connected to the tendon for the actions of contraction and relaxation, tendon-gel integrated bioprinting was developed to construct tendon-like gels. In this study, a total of 72 fibers comprising 42 muscles, 28 adipose tissues, and 2 blood capillaries were constructed by tendon-gel integrated bioprinting and manually assembled to fabricate steak-like meat with a diameter of 5 mm and a length of 10 mm inspired by a meat cut. The developed tendon-gel integrated bioprinting here could be a promising technology for the fabrication of the desired types of steak-like cultured meats.

Volumetric printing (VP) is a light‐mediated technique enabling printing of complex, low‐defect 3D objects within seconds, overcoming major drawbacks of layer‐by‐layer additive manufacturing. An optimized photoresin is presented for VP in the presence of cells (volumetric bioprinting) based on fast thiol–ene step‐growth photoclick crosslinking. Gelatin‐norbornene (Gel‐NB) photoresin shows superior performance, both in physicochemical and biocompatibility aspects, compared to (meth‐)acryloyl resins. The extremely efficient thiol–norbornene reaction produces the fastest VP reported to date (≈10 s), with significantly lower polymer content, degree of substitution (DS), and radical species, making it more suitable for cell encapsulation. This approach enables the generation of cellular free‐form constructs with excellent cell viability (≈100%) and tissue maturation potential, demonstrated by development of contractile myotubes. Varying the DS, polymer content, thiol–ene ratio, and thiolated crosslinker allows fine‐tuning of mechanical properties over a broad stiffness range (≈40 Pa to ≈15 kPa). These properties are achieved through fast and scalable methods for producing Gel‐NB with inexpensive, off‐the‐shelf reagents that can help establish it as the gold standard for light‐mediated biofabrication techniques. With potential applications from high‐throughput bioprinting of tissue models to soft robotics and regenerative medicine, this work paves the way for exploitation of VPs unprecedented capabilities.

Achieving vascularization of engineered tissues or structures is a major challenge in the field of tissue engineering. Hitherto, studies on vascularization have demonstrated limited control of vascular network geometry, such as vasculature direction and network density. An open vascular lumen is crucial to ensure that cells survive and that metabolic activity is fully functional in largesized tissues. Herein, a method based on high water-dispersible collagen microfibers (CMF) to fabricate capillary orientation-controllable 3D tissue with open vascular lumen using dispensing machine is reported. Twenty micrometers-long CMF (CMF-20) with high dispersion property were shown to be more effective for dispensing a homogenous tissue and inducing formation of an interconnected capillary network than two hundred micrometers-long CMF (CMF-200). One of the advantages is the prevention of shrinkage on the z-axis of hydrogel-based tissue which acts as a microscaffold. The gaps between the fibers can support endothelial cell migration and maturation thus forming a larger vascular lumen compare to CMF-free controls. Besides, shear forces produced by the dispensing process cause the collagen microfibers to align, and these microfibers guide cell alignment by integrin-induced adhesion. The findings based on CMF to allow blood capillary alignment and vascular lumen stabilization will be an important technology in Tissue Engineering.

Cell‐laden hydrogels used in tissue engineering generally lack sufficient 3D topographical guidance for cells to mature into aligned tissues. A new strategy called filamented light (FLight) biofabrication rapidly creates hydrogels composed of unidirectional microfilament networks, with diameters on the length scale of single cells. Due to optical modulation instability, a light beam is divided optically into FLight beams. Local polymerization of a photoactive resin is triggered, leading to local increase in refractive index, which itself creates self‐focusing waveguides and further polymerization of photoresin into long hydrogel microfilaments. Diameter and spacing of the microfilaments can be tuned from 2 to 30 µm by changing the coherence length of the light beam. Microfilaments show outstanding cell instructive properties with fibroblasts, tenocytes, endothelial cells, and myoblasts, influencing cell alignment, nuclear deformation, and extracellular matrix deposition. FLight is compatible with multiple types of photoresins and allows for biofabrication of centimeter‐scale hydrogel constructs with excellent cell viability within seconds (<10 s per construct). Multidirectional microfilaments are achievable within a single hydrogel construct by changing the direction of FLight projection, and complex multimaterial/multicellular tissue‐engineered constructs are possible by sequentially exchanging the cell‐laden photoresin. FLight offers a transformational approach to developing anisotropic tissues using photo‐crosslinkable biomaterials.

The development of soft tissue regeneration has recently gained importance due to safety concerns about artificial breast implants. Current autologous fat graft implantations can result in up to 90% of volume loss in long-term outcomes due to their limited revascularization. Adipose tissue has a highly vascularized structure which enables its proper homeostasis as well as its endocrine function. Mature adipocytes surrounded by a dense vascular network are the specific features required for efficient regeneration of the adipose tissue to perform host anastomosis after its implantation. Recently, bioprinting has been introduced as a promising solution to recreate in vitro this architecture in large-scale tissues. However, the in vitro induction of both the angiogenesis and adipogenesis differentiations from stem cells yields limited maturation states for these two pathways. To overcome these issues, we report a novel method for obtaining a fully vascularized adipose tissue reconstruction using supporting bath bioprinting. For the first time, directly isolated mature adipocytes encapsulated in a bioink containing physiological collagen microfibers (CMF) were bioprinted in a gellan gum supporting bath. These multilayered bioprinted tissues retained high viability even after 7 days of culture. Moreover, the functionality was also confirmed by the maintenance of fatty acid uptake from mature adipocytes. Therefore, this method of constructing fully functional adipose tissue regeneration holds promise for future clinical applications.