Varieties of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens infect their eukaryotic hosts by deploying the type III translocon to deliver effector proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells in which effectors execute their pathological functions. The translocon is hypothetically assembled by bacterial translocators in association with the assumed receptors situated on eukaryotic plasma membranes. This hypothesis is partially verified in the present study with genetic, biochemical, and pathological evidence for the role of a rice aquaporin, plasma membrane intrinsic protein PIP1;3, in the cytosolic import of the transcription activator-like effector PthXo1 from the bacterial blight pathogen. PIP1;3 interacts with the bacterial translocator Hpa1 at rice plasma membranes to control PthXo1 translocation from cells of a well-characterized strain of the bacterial blight pathogen into the cytosol of cells of a susceptible rice variety. An extracellular loop sequence of PIP1;3 and the α-helix motif of Hpa1 determine both the molecular interaction and its consequences with respect to the effector translocation and the bacterial virulence on the susceptible rice variety. Overall, these results provide multiple experimental avenues to support the hypothesis that interactions between bacterial translocators and their interactors at the target membrane are essential for bacterial effector translocation.

This study investigates the impact of the Austin MetroRail on commercial property values. Spatial Durbin models (SDM) suggest a modest price premium associated with rail transit across the study area. A premium gradient is also presented at different distance tiers from stations. When it comes to transit‐oriented development (TOD), a synergistic effect in enlarging the premium is found: with additional $9.0/ft2, $8.6/ft2 and $5.3/ft2 at 0.25 mi, 0.25–0.5 mi and 0.5–0.75 mi, respectively. Furthermore, geographically weighted regression shows the premium is significantly higher in central business district (CBD) and TOD areas. Such recognition of the heterogeneous price effect is of use in the design of project financing and TOD strategies.

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