Spiking neural P systems (SN P systems) have been well established as a novel class of distributed parallel computing models. Some features that SN P systems possess are attractive to fault diagnosis. However, handling fuzzy diagnosis knowledge and reasoning is required for many fault diagnosis applications. The lack of ability is a major problem of existing SN P systems when applying them to the fault diagnosis domain. Thus, we extend SN P systems by introducing some new ingredients (such as three types of neurons, fuzzy logic and new firing mechanism) and propose the fuzzy reasoning spiking neural P systems (FRSN P systems). The FRSN P systems are particularly suitable to model fuzzy production rules in a fuzzy diagnosis knowledge base and their reasoning process. Moreover, a parallel fuzzy reasoning algorithm based on FRSN P systems is developed according to neuron's dynamic firing mechanism. Besides, a practical example of transformer fault diagnosis is used to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed FRSN P systems in fault diagnosis problem.

The exploration of efficient electrocatalysts for energy conversion is important for green energy development. Owing to their high surface areas and unusual electronic structure, 2D electrocatalysts have attracted increasing interest. Among them, non‐van der Waals (non‐vdW) 2D materials with numerous chemical bonds in all three dimensions and novel chemical and electronic properties beyond those of vdW 2D materials have been studied increasingly over the past decades. Herein, the progress of non‐vdW 2D electrocatalysts is critically reviewed, with a special emphasis on electronic structure modulation. Strategies for heteroatom doping, vacancy engineering, pore creation, alloying, and heterostructure engineering are analyzed for tuning electronic structures and achieving intrinsically enhanced electrocatalytic performances. Lastly, a roadmap for the future development of non‐vdW 2D electrocatalysts is provided from material, mechanism, and performance viewpoints.

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