To investigate the effect of blistering on hydrogen isotope (HI) retention, a series of deuterium plasma exposures were performed using recrystallized tungsten samples at 500 K with high fluences up to 1.0 × 10 28 ions m −2 in the linear plasma device STEP. An increase of blister density and deuterium retention was observed with increasing plasma fluence. Based on the simulation of the thermal desorption spectra using TMAP, defects with different detrapping energies are found to be located at a depth of tens of microns, which coincides with the depth of the grain boundaries (GBs) close to the surface. The defect characterizations using transmission electron microscopy and positron annihilation Doppler broadening identified the defects as dislocation type and vacancy type, which were created by blistering. It is suggested that these defects can diffuse deep into the material, and the interaction between the diffusion of the defects and GBs causes a peculiar deuterium desorption spectrum over plasma fluences. Additionally, these blister-induced defects are the main source of deuterium retention. Regarding the effect of the blister-induced defects on deuterium retention, a blister-dominated retention mechanism is proposed to describe HI retention in conditions when blistering is severe as in this study. This investigation provides a new insight into the effect of blistering on retention and the modelling of retention in a tokamak edge plasma environment.

This contribution summarized the recent studies of tungsten-based plasma-facing materials in the linear plasma device like the simulator for tokamak edge plasma (STEP), focusing on the examination of newly developed tungsten (W)-based materials and plasma-induced defects in pure W. Pure W, W-V, W-Y 2 O 3 and W-ZrC samples were exposed to a high-flux plasma of ~ 10 21 -10 22 m −2 s −1 with a fluence up to 10 26 m −2 at a surface temperature below 500 K. The investigation of fundamental evolution of plasma-induced defects in pure W indicated a critical role of hydrogen-dislocation interactions. Suppressed surface blistering was observed in all W-based materials, but deuterium desorption behavior and retention were distinct with respect to different materials. The studies showed that the linear plasma device like the STEP was indispensable in the understanding of plasma-material interactions and the qualification of new materials for future fusion reactors.

Abstract. The paper presents the results of the project which examines the level of accuracy that can be achieved in precision indoor positioning by using a pedestrian dead reckoning (PDR) method. This project is focused on estimating the position using step detection technique based on foot-mounted IMU.The approach is sensor-fusion by using accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers after initial alignment is completed. By estimating and compensating the drift errors in each step, the proposed method can reduce errors during the footsteps. There is an advantage of the step detection combined with ZUPT and ZARU for calculating the actual position, distance travelled and estimating the IMU sensors' inherent accumulated error by EKF. Based on the above discussion, all algorithms are derived in detail in the paper. Several tests with an Xsens IMU device have been performed in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.The final results show that the dead reckoning positioning average position error did not exceed 0.88 m (0.2% to 1.73% of the total traveled distance -normally ranges from 0.3% to 10%), what is very promising for future handheld indoor navigation systems that can be used in large office buildings, malls, museums, hospitals, etc.

As a useful descriptive tool for emergency service effectiveness, the hypercube queuing model has been applied in systems of many countries, such as the SAMU system in Brazil. However, the traditional hypercube queuing model and its extended forms assume that the service provider performs independent services, lacking a compelling description of the situation where emergency vehicles perform cooperative services (e.g., NEPPHE in China). To this end, we assume that vehicles in the same fleet simultaneously start and end services and propose a cooperative hypercube queuing (CHQ) model that can describe the state of emergency systems which apply multivehicle dispatches. In order to verify the accuracy of the model, we apply Arena simulation software in Wuhan case. The results show that the CHQ model can illustrate cooperative performance effectively. Sensitivity analyses under more general parameters are conducted to reveal insights into the model application.

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