We reported self-assembled core–shell nanoparticles (NPs) based on lipoprotein-like NPs and plasmid DNA (pDNA). Lipoprotein-like NPs were prepared using cholic acid (CA)-modified lipopeptides. We designed six different lipopeptides with different peptide segments to construct a series of NPs. It was proven that these NPs have different positive surface charges. These NPs could bind pDNA through electrostatic interaction to form core–shell complexes. The interactions between NPs and pDNA were systematically investigated. The number of NP charges determines the strength of the interaction between NPs and pDNA. Thus, various types of core–shell structures, such as loose and dense core–shell NPs, were found in this system. Cytotoxicity test confirmed that the carriers had no toxicity. We also proved that the core–shell structures have a good cell transfection effect. This study would expand the application of lipopeptide assemblies in the gene delivery field, which may lead to the development of peptide-based gene vectors for therapeutic application.

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