Question generation (QG) attempts to solve the inverse of question answering (QA) problem by generating a natural language question given a document and an answer. While sequence to sequence neural models surpass rule-based systems for QG, they are limited in their capacity to focus on more than one supporting fact. For QG, we often require multiple supporting facts to generate high-quality questions. Inspired by recent works on multihop reasoning in QA, we take up Multi-hop question generation, which aims at generating relevant questions based on supporting facts in the context. We employ multitask learning with the auxiliary task of answer-aware supporting fact prediction to guide the question generator. In addition, we also proposed a question-aware reward function in a Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework to maximize the utilization of the supporting facts. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments on the multi-hop question answering dataset, HotPotQA. Empirical evaluation shows our model to outperform the single-hop neural question generation models on both automatic evaluation metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, and ROUGE, and human evaluation metrics for quality and coverage of the generated questions.

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Background: Neonatal sepsis refers to an infection involving bloodstream in newborn infants <28 days old. Neonatal sepsis contributes substantially to neonatal morbidity and mortality and is an ongoing major global public health challenge. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of this study were to study bacteriological profile and antibiotic susceptibility of blood culture from neonates in GMERS Medical College, Gandhinagar. Materials and Methods: For culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test, blood samples were taken from the suspected cases admitted in NICU. Total 271 blood culture positive NICU admitted patient with septicemia were taken in this study. Results: Total 271 septicemic neonates having blood culture positive septicemia, neonatal septicemia was predominantly caused by Gram-negative organism Klebsiella pneumonia (40.60%). Among the all Gram-negative organisms, Piperacillin/Tazobactam was most sensitive drug followed by Meropenem. Moreover, for the all Gram-positive organism, vancomycin and linezolid were the most sensitive drugs. Conclusion: Neonatal septicemia is major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. Multiple antibiotic resistance among the isolates worsen the condition more. A high level of suspicions is needed on clinical ground for diagnosis. Judicious use of antibiotics should be promoted.

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of morbidity & mortality in developing countries especially like India. As per involvement of different organisms, mortality rates differ among neonates. So, early detection of causing organism along with the identification of risk factors helps to prevent mortality among Neonates in India. Objectives: To study the risk factors associated with neonatal septicemia and its bacteriological profile at one of the tertiary care hospital of Gujarat. Method: The study was prospective observational research study in which purposive sampling technique was used to identify the 106 neonates blood culture positive to sepsis admitted in NICU of one of the tertiary care hospital in Gujarat in time period of 1 year from Nov 2021 to Oct 2022. Results: Out of 106 neonates, common factors associated with neonatal septicemia were gender, prematurity, law birth weight, gestational age & onset of septicemia. Meconium stained liquor, Pregnancy induced hypertension & Oligohydramnios were the commonest maternal risk factor associated with neonatal sepsis. Blood culture proven sepsis in neonatal septicemia was predominantly caused by Gram negative organism Klebsiella pneumonia. Conclusion: Neonatal septicemia is more common in preterm & low birth weight neonates. Early onset septicemia is more common which can be curtailed by clean vaginal deliveries. Prematurity and low birth remains the major presentation for admission in NICU followed by respiratory distress syndrome. Maternal risk factors like meconium stained liquor, pregnancy induced hypertension oligohydramnios, & leaking per -vaginal are associated With increase in the incidence of neonatal septicemia.