<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Otitis media (OM) refers to a group of complex infectious and inflammatory diseases affecting the middle ear. The present study was conducted to understand the various aetiological factors in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and also to take into possible hereditary factors<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This retrospective study was conducted in 150 patients who had visited or were admitted at department of otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Shree Sayaji General (SSG) Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat. Detailed history regarding the illness was taken then clinical examination was carried out on the patient in a systemic manner, otoscopic examination, tuning fork test and pure tone audiometry was done. All the findings are noted in proforma. Means of both groups were compared by independent student t-test<span lang="EN-IN">.  </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Most of the patients were in lower socioeconomic class (59.33) and lower middle class (40.67). Fifty out of the 150 chronic suppuurative Otitis Media patients, had a history of discharge for more than 10 years of duration. DNS and septal spur was found as positive finding in 49 patients of CSOM. X-ray of mastoid Schuller’s view was done in 87 patients, out of which 62 patients X-ray showed sclerosis of mastoid air cells, 16 cases showed partly pneumatization of mastoid air cells<span lang="EN-IN">. </span></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Chronic otitis media is an important cause of morbidity in very large group of Indian population. Between 20-40 years of age septal pathology was main aetiological factor for CSOM<span lang="EN-IN">.</span></p>

INTRODUCTIONChronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an inflammation of a part or whole of the mucoperiosteal lining of the middle ear cleft. It is a highly prevalent disease of the middle ear. Although the incidence and prevalence of CSOM has decreased in recent decades, due to improving hygiene and treatment, it is still a major health problem in both developing and developed countries.1,2 The tympanic membrane (TM) emulates an irregular cone and is about 9 mm in diameter. It is firmly attached to the malleus at the lateral process and at the umbo. The middle ear couples sound signals from the ear canal to the cochlea chain. The major transformer mechanism within the middle ear is the ratio of the TM area to the stapes footplate area (the areal ration). The TM gathers force over its entire surface and then couples the gathered force to the small footplate of the stapes. Human TM has an area that is 20 times larger than the footplate, thus, if the transformer action of the areal ratio is "ideal," the sound pressure applied to the inner ear by the stapes footplate should be 20 times or 26 dB larger than the sound pressure at the TM. ABSTRACT Background:The objective of the present study was to correlate the size and site of perforation with hearing loss in chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted among a purposive sample of first 100 consecutive patients of unilateral inactive mucosal CSOM, who underwent myringoplasty at Department of otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science, Bhuj, Kutch, Gujarat. One hundred consecutive patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study. In all the patients, a detailed history and a thorough ENT examination was followed by hearing assessment and measurement of the size of the perforation. Results: Infection was the most common etiology of tympanic membrane perforation in 92 (92%) cases and trauma in 08 (08%) with otorrhea as the most common presenting complaint. Half of the cases were in the age group of 20-30 years. Seventy-nine percentage cases had mild hearing loss whereas 19% had moderate hearing loss. Anterior quadrant perforations on an average had 31.4 dB hearing loss, whereas there was 43.9 dB average hearing loss in posterior quadrant perforations. Conclusions: It was observed that there is direct relationship between size and site of perforation and loss of hearing. There was less hearing loss in small sized perforations. Posterior quadrant perforations and malleolar perforations (MLs) had a greater hearing loss than anterior, multiple quadrant, or non-MLs.

Background: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) is simple, quick, inexpensive and minimally invasive technique used to diagnose different types of swellings located in the head and neck.Methods: A prospective study was performed in a tertiary health care centre from January 2016 to September 2016 in Vadodara, Gujarat. Fine Needle Aspiration Diagnosis was correlated with detail of relevant clinical findings and investigation.Results: In this study, total of 260 cases of suspected cervical lymphadneopathy were subjected to cytological evaluation. The lesions cases were broadly categorised as inflammatory lesions, cystic lesions, benign tumor & tumor like conditions, salivary gland lesions and malignant lesions. Out of these 260 cases, 184 cases were given the diagnosis of either inflammatory or benign conditions and rest 76 cases were diagnosed positive for malignancy. Out of 76 cases positive for malignancy, 65 cases gave the diagnosis of Squamous cell carcinoma metastasing to lymphnode. Conclusion:Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology is easy, simple, safe and non invasive procedure for diagnosis of head and neck swelling and easy way for surgeon whether to decide surgery or not.

Introduction: High blood glucose levels are found to damage the vessels found in stria vascularis and adjacent nerves, this results into diminished ability to hear. To support this result, insufficient evidence of a significant relationship between diabetes and hearing impairment is there. Therefore, we aimed to assess hearing impairment in diabetic mellitus individuals as one of the potential complications. Material & Methods: The study involved 150 type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients. Diabetes Mellitus type 2 subjects 65-89 years of age, meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were included in the present study. The individuals with the diabetes had been followed up for 10 years. Results: 89 patients of total 150 patients had duration of diabetes for more than 10 years. Among them mild hearing loss was found in 37 patients. Out of total 150 patients 61 patients in whom the duration of diabetes was less than 10 years, we could not find any detectable hearing loss. Duration of Diabetes mellitus and sensorineural hearing loss at 2000Hz, 4000Hz showed statistically significant correlation (Pearson coefficient r= 0.981 and r = 0.90 respectively) at 0.03 level. Discussion & Conclusion: on the basis of results we came to conclusion that progressive bilateral high frequency sensorineural hearing loss can be considered as one of complication of type 2 DM. Periodical assessment of various organs of the body, including the hearing system, should be carried out carefully and regularly, so as to provide better life condition for the diabetic patients in the future.