Chronic inflammation can extensively burden a healthcare system. Several synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available in clinical practice, but each has its own side effect profile. The planet is gifted with vast and diverse oceans, which provide a treasure of bioactive compounds, the chemical structures of which may provide valuable pharmaceutical agents. Marine organisms contain a variety of bioactive compounds, some of which have anti-inflammatory activity and have received considerable attention from the scientific community for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. This review describes such bioactive compounds, as well as crude extracts (published during 2010–2022) from echinoderms: namely, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish. Moreover, we also include their chemical structures, evaluation models, and anti-inflammatory activities, including the molecular mechanism(s) of these compounds. This paper also highlights the potential applications of those marine-derived compounds in the pharmaceutical industry to develop leads for the clinical pipeline. In conclusion, this review can serve as a well-documented reference for the research progress on the development of potential anti-inflammatory drugs from echinoderms against various chronic inflammatory conditions.

Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. In biological therapy, infliximab became the first anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agent approved for IBD. Despite this success, infliximab is expensive, often ineffective, and associated with adverse events. Prediction of infliximab resistance would improve overall potential outcomes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to widen the scope of investigating the role of genetics in IBD to their association with therapy response. Methods: In the current study, an in-silico analysis of publicly available IBD patient transcriptomics datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) are used to identify subsets of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in the pathogenesis of IBD and may serve as potential biomarkers for Infliximab response. Five datasets were found that met the inclusion criteria. The DEGs for datasets were identified using limma R packages through the GEOR2 tool. The probes’ annotated genes in each dataset intersected with DGEs from all other datasets. Enriched gene Ontology Clustering for the identified genes was performed using Metascape to explore the possible connections or interactions between the genes. Results: 174 DEGs between IBD and healthy controls were found from analyzing two datasets (GSE14580 and GSE73661), indicating a possible role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Of the 174 DEGs, five genes (SELE, TREM1, AQP9, FPR2, and HCAR3) were shared between all five datasets. Moreover, these five genes were identified as downregulated in the infliximab responder group compared to the non-responder group. Conclusions: We hypothesize that alteration in the expression of these genes leads to an impaired response to infliximab in IBD patients. Thus, these genes can serve as potential biomarkers for the early detection of compromised infliximab response in IBD patients.

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Over the past 10 years, there has been an increase in the use of high-fidelity simulation (HFS) as a tool to support and enhance learning in health profession programs. In this article, we review the utilization of HFS in biomedical (basic science) courses for health professions students, and we compare its effectiveness to traditional teaching methods. Studies exploring the impact of HFS on students and residents were included in the review. The use of HFS is more prevalent in advanced clinical settings such as in training residents and nurses than in teaching students in preclinical years. When compared to traditional teaching methods, HFS is noted to be superior in delivering core biomedical concepts to students and healthcare professionals. However, a few studies showed no significant differences between HFS and traditional teaching methods when assessing clinical management skills. Overall, HFS is a valuable teaching tool which enhances knowledge retention and clinical skill acquisition in medical education.