This paper has provided insights on the returns to investment in groundnut research and sources of productivity in Gujarat state from 1990-91 to 2011-12. Two outputs and ten inputs have been used to construct total output, total input and total factor productivity index using Tornqvist Theil Index technique. Compound growth rates were worked out using semi-log trend equation. Although the area under groundnut decreased yet, the production and productivity increased significantly at the rate of 5.10 and 5.24 per cent per annum, respectively during the study period. The groundnut registered higher TFP growth of about 2.21 per cent per annum in last two and half decades resulting in annual decline of 0.27 per cent in real cost of production. The Investment on groundnut research generated 27.10 per cent IRR thus, found to be a highly paying proposition. The growth in TFP was remarkably increased in nineties largely contributed by the release of groundnut varieties viz., GG-2 in 1986, GG-20 and GG-12 in 1991, GG-13 in 1994. The government expenditure on research, extension education, irrigation infrastructure and rainfall generated significant returns. The steady growth in TFP needs to be maintained by enhancing the resources which have contributed to productivity. More public and private investments, in under developed regions of the state are needed to strengthen agricultural research and rural infrastructure. The sufficient procurement at MSP is essential to enhance farm income.

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Consumption is an integral part of our life. Consumer patterns change for both micro and macro reasons. The per capita availability of vegetable was 415.76 gms/day and fruits was 228.79 gms/day in 2019-20 in India which was far below the quantity recommended by WHO. Therefore, it is important to understand changing consumption pattern of fruits and vegetables as well as food and non-food items in rural and urban areas. The present study is based on primary data and hence the household data pertaining to the research study from Junagadh district were collected with the help of interview method. The reference period for the study was year 2019-20 i.e. winter (November-2019 to February-2020), summer (March to June-2020) and monsoon (July to October-2020). The data were analyzed using tabular analysis, regression analysis without intercept for calculating adult equivalent scale (AES) The estimates of adult equivalent scales for main commodity group for different seasons for rural households revealed that the females in age group of 20-40 years accounted for the maximum expenditure share in total fruits and vegetables (TFV), total food (TF), total non-food (TNF) and total expenditure (TOT) commodities groups in all the seasons. In urban households, the adolescent (13-20 years) accounted for the largest proportionate share of expenditure in in TFV commodities groups in all the seasons. For TF and TNF commodity groups, 20-40 years male age groups accounted for the highest share in expenditure in winter and summer seasons while adolescent age group (13-20 years) which accounted for the highest expenditure share in summer season. In TOT commodity group, adolescent of 13-20 years accounted for the highest proportionate share of expenditure in winter and summer seasons whereas it was females in age group of (20-40 years in monsoon season. In overall households, the females in age group of 20-40 years accounted for the maximum expenditure share in TFV commodities groups in winter and summer seasons whereas, it was maximum in monsoon season for the males in age group of 20-40 years. For other commodity groups i.e.TF, TNF and TOT in all seasons, the female in 20-40 years age group accounted for the largest proportionate share of expenditure in different seasons.

The study has examined the growth in total factor productivity (TFP) of cumin crop and its sources in Gujarat state from 1990-91 to 2011-12 using Tornqvist Theil index. The findings revealed higher growth rates of output indices (2.13%) and moderate growth rates of TFP indices (1.48 %) per annum, duringthe study period. Besides, the investment on cumin research was also found to have generated aninternal rate of return of 74.90 per cent. This indicates the possibility of cumin playing animportant role of enhancing farm incomes in Gujarat. Further, government expenditure on agricultural research and education, extension education and development of ground water as well as canal irrigation in Gujarat were found to have positive and significant impact on TFP. The study suggest that the growth in TFP can further be enhanced and sustained through varietal improvements in cumin crop and expanding irrigation coverage.

A proper nutritious diet is a basic human need. After all, the whole organism can survive only if it gets enough nutritious food. Nutrition is the foundation of human progress of the infection (Infection) reduces disease, illness, weakness, and mortality. It makes a man physically and intellectually capable. Thus getting nutrition is a human right. Malnutrition has two aspects: 1) the lack of nutrition (undernutrition) 2) Extreme Nutrition (over Is nutrition) . The baby weighs less at birth due to lack of nutrition. The child's development is stunted. Mental development does not happen properly. Lack of nutritious food increases the risk of infection, weakness, and death at an early age. Malnutrition is born out of a lack of a proper and nutritious diet. If a pregnant mother does not get nutritious food, the development of her unborn child remains inadequate. In fact, both malnutrition and malnutrition cause problems in the human body, but malnutrition has been a major problem in the human world. The human body needs carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Only when all this is sufficient will the human body is able and healthy. If the human body does not get the required nutrients, it suffers from various diseases and ailments. Science has proven that if a woman is malnourished during her pregnancy and during the first two months of her life, her physical and mental problems will last a lifetime. Extreme malnutrition can be termed as starvation with symptoms such as an extremely emaciated body, low weight and height, swollen and swollen legs, and carrot-like stomach. Such individuals fall prey to infections, viruses, and the cold season immediately and often die due to a lack of immunity. Nearby resort regions of malnutrition in third world countries was a problem with the most advanced. Even in a developing country like India, the problem of malnutrition is still a matter of concern.