The objective of the present study is to determine the relationship between psychological distress and life satisfaction among university students. The sample of the present research consisted of 398 university students from three faculties (Medical sciences n=133 Social science n=133 and Engineering n=132). Data was collected from different organizations following the purposive sampling technique. After taking the consent from the participants, the depression Anxiety stress scale (DASS) and life satisfaction scale were administered. To obtain the results of descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment coefficient of correlation and linear-regressions were calculated. Results showed that there was significant (P <.05) correlation between Psychological distress and life satisfaction among university students. Further analysis considering the field of education, in engineering student's depression was present 25%, anxiety 32% and stress 20%.In social science students, 21% depression, 30% anxiety and 17% stress. Medical students have 25% depression, 34% anxiety and 23% stress. Overall medical students experience relatively more psychological distress as compare to engineering and social science students.

Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder. It presents with motor symptoms and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. It has debilitating impact not only on the psychological health of the patient but also of the caregivers. The aim of this study is to evaluate the stress level among caregivers of PD and assess its correlation with the disease factors including duration, severity, and presence of on-off phenomenon. Methods One hundred and fifty-six patients of Parkinson’s disease and their caregivers were enrolled. Severity of Parkinson’s disease was assessed using Hoehn and Yahr Scale. Caregiver stress was evaluated using Caregiver Burden Inventory. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Results There were 112 (71.8%) women and 44 (28.2%) men in the caregiver group. Their mean age was 47.75 ± 11.98 years. There were 98 (62.8%) stressed caregivers and 58 (37.2%) non-stressed caregivers. In patients with stage 4 and 5 PD, 67-80% caregivers were stressed as compared to only 28% caregivers of stage 1 PD (p-value = 0.0008). Duration of Parkinson’s disease more than 10 years and presence of on-off phenomenon was also significantly associated with higher stress in the caregivers (p-value < 0.00001; p-value = 0.002, respectively). Among the stressed caregivers, 85 (86.7%) were women and only 13 (13.3%) were men (p-value < 0.0001). Conclusion Psychological health of caregivers of persons with Parkinson’s is bleak. As the disease progresses, they further succumb to debilitating stress and depression. Qualitative and quantitative studies must be conducted in Pakistan to understand the psychosocial status of Parkinson’s disease caregivers and plan strategies to improve their quality of life.

Introduction Typhoid fever is a major infectious disease among the pediatric population of Pakistan. With inappropriate use of antibiotics and rising trends of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extended drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid, it is becoming a public health emergency. This study evaluated the current trends in antibiotic susceptibilities to Salmonella (S) typhi and paratyphi A, B, and C in southern Pakistan. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study, conducted in the Pediatrics Department, Civil Hospital, Jamshoro from July to December 2018, included children with S. typhi and S. paratyphi A and B strains isolated from the laboratory-based culture of blood samples. Results There were 223 (81.1%) children with S. typhi and 52 (18.9%) with S. paratyphi isolates. Their mean age was 5 ± 3 years. The most common age group with S. typhi strains was two to five years (n = 102; 37.1%). Previous trials of antibiotics were taken by 162 (58.9%) children; 65 (40.1%) of these were physician-prescribed. Cefixime was most commonly taken (66.6%), followed by ciprofloxacin (33.3%). Cefixime and ceftriaxone showed 60.9% and 65.8% sensitivity, respectively. Ciprofloxacin sensitivity was seen in 50.1% S. typhi isolates. There were six (2.6%) cases of MDR typhoid and two (0.9%) cases of XDR typhoid. Conclusion Resistance to second-line antityphoid agents is increasing. Therefore, there is a need to modify prescribing behavior. The outbreak of XDR typhoid among children is an alarming public health concern for Pakistan. Widespread antibiotic stewardship programs must be conducted.

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