Background: Serum uric acid (SUA) has been found to be an independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MS). However, the reports pertaining to link between uric acid levels among the androgenic, non-androgenic (clinical) PCOS subjects are conflicting. Hence, it was aimed to determine incidence of hyperuricmia and its association among the PCOS subjects. Methodology: A single centre hospital based cross-sectional study conducted in south India PCOS subjects during the March 2021 to August 2021. A total 80 subjects were recruited and were stratified into androgenic and nonandrogenic PCOS with each of forty subjects in both groups. The incidence of hyper uricemica was found to be 66.25% (n = 53). Results: The mean and SD values of metabolic components such as HbA1C and FPG levels and triglycerides, low density lipoproteins and total cholesterol were showing statistically significant (p < 0.05) among the groups. The circulating sex hormone binding globulins (SHBG) are low in both groups. These levels are significantly low in androgenic PCOS subjects. The Total testosterone (TT), SHBG, HOMA-IR and LDL levels were positively correlated with both hyper and non-hyper uricemic groups and remaining parameters showed negative correlation. Conclusion:The incidence of hyperuricemia is high in PCOS subjects. The TT and SHBG, HOMA-IR and LDL levels were positively correlated with both hyper and non-hyper uricemic groups. HbA1C and FPG and FSI are negatively correlated among the groups.

Aim: To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) concerning dispensing pattern of antibiotics and OTC medication among the retail dispersers in community pharmacies. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed from March 2021 to August 2021. Simulated patient (SP) based face-to-face interviews were conducted with validated structured questionnaires. Results: During our interview, we noticed only 60% of registered pharmacists (RPs) and 40% of non-RPs were working in community pharmacies. Among the RPs, 35 were D.Pharm and 62 were B.Pharm graduates. The average correct answer to antibiotic questionnaires provided by dispensers with D.Pharm (39.2%), B.Pharm (47.7%) and Non-Pharmacists (38.4%). Among the respondents, the KAP against antibiotic questionnaires No. 1 and 4 are statistically significant (p<0.05). Similarly, 44.5% of D.Pharm, 56.6% of B.Pharm and 42.2% of Non-Pharmacists responded to OTC questionnaires. The OTC questionnaire No. 1,4 and 7 are not statistically significant (p>0.05) among responders. Conclusion: In our findings, 40% of non-Pharmacists were running the pharmacies. On an average, they have less than 50% of KAP towards antibiotics and OTC medications among pharmacists and non-pharmacists. To overcome this, pharmacists should undergo need continual professional development programs and non-pharmacist must require a formal pharmacy education.

Introduction: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is dependent on Serum Creatinine (SCr). Though, a sudden decrease in GFR would not result in rapid rise in concentrations of SCr, as they are imprecise but it leads to the over diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Aim: To calculate GFR using Cystatin-C (Cys-C) based formulas to contrast its accuracy with SCr based formulas and to predict the diagnostic accuracy of Cys-C in patients with diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total 48 type-2 diabetic patients were diagnosed with CKD and their GFR was assessed using the Cys-C and SCr. GFR was measured and estimated using three equations (Cockcroft-Gault (CG), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CDK-EPI), that are based on SCr and three equations (LeBricon, Grubb and Hoek) based on Cys-C among the 48 CKD patients. The filtration rate was measured using labelled diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (99mTc-DTPA) renal scan method as the standard for comparison. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the filtration rate. Results: A significant association was observed (p=0.0001) among both the estimates which were equivocal when compared with measured iGFR, SCr and Cys-C based GFR estimate. A greater difference of Area Under the Curve (AUC) was observed between SCr (0.765±0.07) and Cys-C (0.569±0.09) (p=0.04) in the ROC analysis at a creatinine clearance <60 mL/min/m2. conclusion: The SCr and Cys-C based formulae has equivocal performance in estimating GFR. SCr could be a better marker to estimate GFR among patients with Cr clearance <60 mL/min/m2.