MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNA molecules that regulate gene expression in plants, animals and some viruses. Both normal and pathological liver processes are regulated by miRNAs. Recent research indicated that miRNAs have been implicated in liver diseases caused by viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C), metabolic problems, alcohol and drug abuse. Because altered miRNA expression is linked to liver metabolic dysregulation, liver damage, liver fibrosis and tumour growth, miRNAs are promising therapeutic targets for the detection and treatment of liver diseases. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge about the role of microRNAs in acute and chronic liver diseases including hepatocellular carcinoma. We cover the miRNA-based therapy for liver disorders as well as the use of miRNAs as biomarkers for early diagnosis, prognosis and assessment of liver diseases. The investigation of miRNAs in liver diseases will provide better understanding of the pathogeneses, identification of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for liver diseases in the future.

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