No abstract

Background: Cephalic index (CI) also called cranial index is the ratio of maximum breadth to a maximum length of head. The purpose of the study was to study anthropometry of cranial parameters using the computed tomography (CT) scans to establish the CI of the sampled population in North India.Materials and methods: The cross-sectional study was carried on the subjects of age group ranging from 6 to 95 years of either sex (total 1000 subjects; 540 male and 460 female) in the radio-diagnosis department of Era's Medical College Lucknow, UP, India. The measurement of maximum cranial breadth (MCB) and maximum cranial length (MCL) were taken on a CT scan machine and recorded for analysis. When associating the measures of precision for different subgroups, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for modest and efficient errors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors affecting the CI estimation like age, interzygomatic length (IZL), orbital length (OL), MCB, and MCL.Result: Out of 1000 studied subjects, the majority 234 (23.4%) of the subjects belong to the 21-30 years age group. MCB of heads and MCL of heads in different ages and on applying the one-way ANOVA association was statistically significant and CI was statistically insignificant. Pearson correlation between the CI and other parameters like age, MCB of heads, and MCL of heads, and a statistically significant correlation was seen with each other. Dolichocephalic types of the skull are found more in male subjects, and brachycephalic type of skull is more common in female subjects. Conclusion:The average CI of our study was 76.67±3.18. This shows that northern India's dominant head shape, especially in the Lucknow region, was dolichocephaly. Thus, the CT scan is proven an essential modality in the assessment of cranial parameters in anthropometry.

Purpose: To study the association and correlation between the amniotic fluid index, random glucose concentration, and serum glucose concentration after avoiding oral intake of sugar in a pregnant female with polyhydramnios. Methods: The research was performed on pregnant women with polyhydramnios (n=104 ) after 28 weeks. USG was performed using a SAMSUNG HS 70A (Samsung Electronics Pvt. Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) and a GE Voluson P8 (GE Healthcare, Little Chalfont, UK). We measured amniotic fluid index and took a blood sample for hemoglobin (Hb)A1C, fasting blood glucose, post-prandial and random blood glucose, and also performed a glucose tolerance test in pregnant women. Results: This is a prospective study, all 104 patients that were recruited in this study were pregnant females with polyhydramnios mainly from the urban and rural zone with different age groups (between 21 and 37 years). In our study, we observed that after avoiding oral intake of sugar in pregnant females with polyhydramnios, it was concluded that the amnionic fluid index lies towards the lower side. Polyhydramnios is more common in the urban zone and among older pregnant females. Out of 104 pregnant females with polyhydramnios, 82 were diagnosed with gestational diabetes after 28 weeks. Conclusion: In this study, we have concluded that the earliest and most sensitive predictor for gestational diabetes is a rise in the amniotic fluid index which could have been prevented by avoiding oral intake of sugar. Early prediction of gestational diabetes can be made by amniotic fluid index even before glucose concentration. We observed that by reducing oral intake of sugar, the amniotic fluid index drops down in pregnant females

Spindle Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of the lung is a rare entity. Computed Tomography (CT) and histopathology forms the basis of diagnosis. Here, authors presented a case of a 30-year-old male patient who reported with complaints of painless abdominal swelling associated with shortness of breath and fever. The patient underwent Contrast Enhanced CT (CECT) of chest, abdomen and pelvis with percutaneous CT guided biopsy. The final diagnosis was SCC of lung with transdiaphragmatic spread to abdomen. This case is clinically significant as it depicts unusual spread of SCC presenting as thoracoabdominal mass.

Introduction: The management of lung masses depends upon the nature of the mass i.e., being benign or malignant. The use of contrast based Computed Tomography (CT) scan helps in ascertaining the malignant nature of the lesion. In previous studies, computed tomographic evaluations are done to evaluate pulmonary nodules, but only few studies characterised the lung masses into benign and malignant lesions. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a non invasive modality (dynamic contrast enhanced perfusion CT), in the characterisation of lung masses by comparing with histopathology. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India from January 2018 to November 2019 where 62 patients between age group 20-80 years of both sexes with lung masses and no contraindications to the administration of iodinated contrast material were enrolled in the study. Dynamic Contrast Enhanced CT (DCE-CT) perfusion was done which included parameters like Blood Flow (BF) in mL/100 g/min, Blood Volume (BV) in mL/100 g, Mean Transit Time (MTT) in seconds, and Flow Extraction Product (FEP) in mL/100 mL/min. The DCE-CT features were compared with histopathology to determine the sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV). Results: Among the 62 lung mass cases included in the study, 30 were histopathologically found to be benign lesions and 32 were malignant lesions. On contrast enhancement, the values of the CT perfusion parameters among the malignant masses were significantly higher as compared to benign (p<0.001). DCE- CT was able to correctly diagnose 31/32 cases of malignant and 26/30 cases of benign lung masses in concordance with histopathology. Thus, the overall, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and diagnostic accuracy was 96.90%, 86.70%, 88.60%, 96.30%, and 91.90%, respectively. Conclusion: The DCE-CT has a high diagnostic value in differentiation of malignant from benign lung masses and thus can be promoted for its use as a non invasive methods for lung masses characterisation.