Eustachian valve endocarditis caused byA ctinomyces species are anaerobic-to-microaerophilic bacteria that survive as normal flora within the mouth, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract, and female genital tract. These organisms are rarely associated with chronic pyogenic or granulomatous infections in the general population.1 Actinomycotic infections are generally limited to the cervicofacial (50%), pulmonary (15%), and intra-abdominal (20%) areas. Cardiac involvement is relatively rare; most infections occur by contiguous metastasis to the pericardium and very rarely by hematogenous metastasis to the cardiac valves.2 Infection of the eustachian valve (EV) by Actinomyces species is extremely rare, having (to our knowledge) been reported only once before. 3 We report a case of EV endocarditis caused by Actinomyces turicensis in an apparently healthy young woman, possibly transmitted by an intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD). In our accompanying review of the relevant literature, we discuss the predisposing factors, the clinical course, and the treatment of various actinomycotic and EV endocarditis. Case ReportIn September 2011, a 30-year-old woman was admitted with right upper quadrant pain and swelling of one week's duration. Her medical history included no recent dental work, no human immunodeficiency viral infection, and no history of intravenous drug use. She had undergone a cesarean section 2 years before presentation, after which an IUD had been placed. Physical examination at admission revealed a firm mass, slightly painful to the touch, in the right upper quadrant. Laboratory results showed marked leukocytosis. A transvaginal ultrasonogram and a computed tomogram revealed multiple large masses in the ovaries, pelvis, and liver that were suspect for extensive metastatic disease, presumably ovarian in origin. Histopathologic studies of tubo-ovarian (Fig. 1A) and liver (Fig. 1B) biopsy samples failed to reveal any malignant cells. Instead, they showed microabscesses with branching filamentous microorganisms consistent with Actinomyces species. The patient subsequently underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which revealed multiple pockets of pus with extensive inflammatory changes and fibrinous adhesions. Evacuation of pus was performed, along with total abdominal hysterectomy, right salpingo-oophorectomy, appendectomy, and lysis of adhesions. Cultures of fluid from both the abdominal cavity and the IUD grew A. turicensis. Multiple sets of blood cultures performed on the day of Case Reports

Cybersecurity is one of the most important concepts of cyberworld which provides protection to the cyberspace from various types of cybercrimes. This paper provides an updated survey of cybersecurity. We conduct the survey of security of recent prominent researches and categorize the recent incidents in context to various fundamental principles of cybersecurity. We have proposed a new taxonomy of cybercrime which can cover all types of cyberattacks. We have analyzed various cyberattacks as per the updated cybercrime taxonomy to identify the challenges in the field of cybersecurity and highlight various research directions as future work in this field.

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Background Neuroendoscopy is gaining popularity and is reaching new realms. Young neurosurgeons are exploring the various possibilities associated with the use of neuroendoscopy. Neuroendoscopy in excision of parenchymal brain tumors is less explored, and young neurosurgeons should be aware of the realities. The present article is an approach to put forward the difficulties faced by a young neurosurgeon and the lessons learnt. Objective To report the experience of surgical excision of parenchymal brain tumors, in selected cases, using pure endoscopic approach and to discuss its feasibility, technical benefits, risks and comparison with conventional microscopic excision. Method Eight patients of variable age group with parenchymal brain tumors were operated upon by a single surgeon and followed up for a period varying from 6 months to 2 years. Data regarding operating time, illumination, clarity of the field, size of craniotomy, blood loss and course of recovery was evaluated. All of the tumors were resected using rigid high definition zero and 30° endoscope. Results Out of eight cases, seven had lesions in the supratentorial and one in the infratentorial location. The age group ranged from 27 to 74 years old. Near to gross total resection was achieved in all except two cases. All of the patients recovered well without any significant morbidity or mortality. Hospital stay was reduced by 1 day on average. Conclusion Excision of parenchymal brain tumors via pure endoscopic method is a safe and efficient procedure. Although there is an initial period of learning curve, it is not steep for those already practicing neuroendoscopy, but the approach has its advantages.