Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) is the primary vector of several arthropod-borne viral infectious diseases globally. Relentless vector control efforts are performed to curtail disease transmissions, insecticides remain as the first line of defense in Indonesia. With a dearth of publication on the efficacy of mosquito coil in Indonesia, this is the first report related to mosquito coil despite its common use in households. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were sampled from nine regencies in Indonesia and tested using the glass-chamber method against three commercially available local pyrethroid-based mosquito coils containing d-allethrin, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin. The 50% knockdown time of female Ae. aegypti tested with d-allethrin, transfluthrin, and metofluthrin containing coils ranged from 0.65 to 14.32; 0.8 to 16.4; and 0.78 to 20.57 min, respectively. Mortality rates in accordance with WHO resistance indicators showed that strains from Denpasar, Mataram, Kuningan, Padang, Samarinda, and Sumba Timur were resistant (<80% mortality rate), whereas strains from Manggarai Barat, Dompu, and Pontianak were susceptible (>98% mortality rate) to the active ingredients assayed. Moreover, the knockdown rates between d-allethrin and transfluthrin, d-allethrin and metofluthrin, as well as transfluthrin and metofluthrin displayed significant associations, portraying the presence of cross-resistance within pyrethroid insecticides. The minimal insecticidal effect of mosquito coils against some Indonesian Ae. aegypti also pointed out the development of pyrethroid resistance, prompting a revamping of the vector control system.

Abstract. Harmonis, Saud OR. 2016. Effects of habitat degradation and fragmentation on butterfly biodiversity in West Kotawaringin,. The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of degradation and fragmentation habitats to butterfly communities. To be specific, species diversity, taxonomy structure, main species in every study sites were observed to find out the effects and correlation of each parameters. Field study was carried out in 8 sites in Kotawaringin Barat, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The specimens were collected using aerial insect nets and baited traps in January-February 2016. From the result of the study, the total of 1085 individual in 130 species was successfully collected. Based on distribution analysis using Shannon-Wiener index, the diversity of butterfly was in the range of middle to high categories (H' = 2.7-3.5). Of another parameter analysis, it showed that butterfly communities were affected by degradation habitat, while fragmentation habitat did not influence to the butterfly communities. Furthermore, the range of degradation level in the study sites did not correlate with the number of species and taxonomy structures, but the distribution of the special-group of main species showed in correlation. Lexias dirtea was only found in dense forests (site S-7), then Neptis hylas and Parantica agleoides appeared in shrub habitat (site S-5 and S-6). The finding indicated that green patches have valuable contribution to conserve the ecosystem as valuable germplasm for butterflies and also arthropods.

Heath forest is one unique ecosystem in tropical regions. Many biodiversities and their ecological characteristic in this ecosystem are still unknown by science, including butterflies. Therefore, the study was conducted to determine butterfly richness and diversity indices in every site on natural secondary and degraded heath forests. A field study was conducted in two localities in East Kalimantan, i.e. Muara Badak and Sebulu areas. In every locality was located three sites for data gathering. The butterfly data were collected by capturing specimens using aerial insect nets and baited traps in August-September 2017. In general, the species richness in all sites lacked compared to the lowland forest habitat. During the study, only 200 individuals in 34 species were recorded in total. Calculation of Fisher's alpha showed the diversity of butterflies in study sites in the range 2.28-16.35. Twenty-four main species spread in the study sites. Eight species showed strong fidelity for degraded heath forest habitats, moreover, Neptis hylas prefer fewer trees, and Mycalesis fuscum prefers denser trees. Meanwhile, there was no apparent taxonomical composition pattern, except family Nymphalidae with subfamilies Satyrinae and Limenitidinae, which showed superior in all sites. Other finding showed that the density of trees was affected to the geographic distribution of butterfly species; the denser trees appeared narrow distribution species, more prefer to Sundaland, and the sites with fewer trees appeared more comprehensive distribution species, more prefer to Oriental Region.

Data on the occurrence of butterfly species at Gunung Halimun-Salak National Park is presented based on collections and observations obtained in 2004, 2007, 2009 and 2010. In total, 161 butterfly species (10 Hesperiidae, 23 Lycaenidae, 86 Nymphalidae, 17 Papilionidae, 21 Pieridae, and 4 Riodinidae) were recorded. Of the total number of species, 133 were recorded from Gunung Halimun and 82 were recorded from Gunung Salak. The occurrence of butterflies at this national park was compared with data known from other localities in Java. The significance of Gunung Halimun-Salak NP in terms of the butterfly diversity is discussed.

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkapkan dan mendeskripsi tentang potret ataupun gambaran dari proses penyampaian dan pertukaran pesan-pesan dakwah yang dilakukan oleh Nabi Muhammad Saw., sehingga sukses dalam menjalankan misi dakwahnya. Studi ini termasuk ke dalam studi kepustakaan atau “library research”, dengan tujuan mendapatkan informasi yang dibutuhkan dan relevan dengan tujuan kajian dengan menggunakan berbagai sumber dalam bentuk kitab suci al-Quran, hadits dan sejarah serta sumbersumber lain yang memuat informasi yang dibutuhkan dan relevan dengan tujuan studi tersebut. Dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif, pengkaji memperoleh informasi bahwa di antara faktor yang menyebabkan Nabi Muhammad Saw., sukses dalam menjalankan misi dakwahnya adalah, beliau dalam proses melaksanakan dan menyampaikan pesan-pesan dakwahnya menggunakan proses penyampaian ataupun pertukaran pesan (komunikasi) dalam bingkai linta lahum dan asysyidaau ‘alal kuffaar. Bersifat dan berperilaku lemah lembut dalam mengkomunikasikan pesan-pesan dakwah yang disampaikan dan dipertukarkan serta tidak mudah diajak kompromi terhadap perbuatan yang melanggarkan perintah Allah Swt., sekalipun terhadap anak perempuan beliau Fathimah Az-Zahrah Ra. jika melakukan kejahatan pasti hukum tetap ditegakkan oleh baginda Nabi Besar Muhammad Saw.