No abstract

Reflux in the deep venous system plays a significant role in the progression of chronic venous insufficiency. Deep system reflux increases as clinical changes become more severe, with significant axial reflux contributing to ulcer formation.

To assess the role of noninvasive tests--quantitative photoplethysmography, air plethysmography, and quantitative duplex scanning, we compared a group of normal (group N, eight limbs) volunteers to patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency who were stratified according to the degree of reflux seen on the current "gold standard," descending phlebography. Group M (10 limbs) had mild (grades 0 to 2) reflux, and group S (10 limbs) had severe (grades 3 to 4) reflux as determined by phlebography. Quantitative photoplethysmography could identify normal from abnormal limbs but could not distinguish the severity of reflux. Air plethysmography was used to calculate venous filling index, ejection fraction, and residual volume fraction. Ejection fraction was the same in all groups. Venous filling index could not significantly distinguish the degree of reflux (group M vs group S) but increased as reflux increased. Residual volume fraction was considerably higher in group S. Quantitative duplex valve closure time was measured in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins, with the values added together in each limb to give a total valve closure time (TVCT). A TVCT value greater than or equal to 4 seconds correlated best with severe phlebographic reflux, with a sensitivity of 90%, a specificity of 94%, and an accuracy of 93%. This value was confirmed as the best test for venous reflux by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Thus in the evaluation of patients with severe chronic venous insufficiency who are candidates for phlebography and surgery, quantitative duplex measurement of TVCT gives the best noninvasive assessment of the severity of deep venous reflux.