external professions such as law, business and finance, medicine and so on. However, there is some evidence to suggest that although HEIs have a "tendency to regard formal courses as the most appropriate mode of teaching provision,…practitioners in general take a different view" (Becher, 1996, p. 54). Becher's research into the CPD activities undertaken by practitioners in medicine, pharmacy, law, accountancy, architecture and structural engineering indicated that professional learning takes many forms. He identified seven categories or modes of learning:
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