Lung cancer causes more deaths than breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer combined. Nevertheless, population-based lung cancer screening is still not considered standard practice in most countries worldwide. Early lung cancer detection leads to better survival outcomes: patients diagnosed with stage 1A lung cancer have a >75% 5-year survival rate, compared to <5% at stage 4. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) thorax imaging for the secondary prevention of lung cancer has been studied at length, and has been shown to significantly reduce lung cancer mortality in high-risk populations. The US National Lung Screening Trial reported a 20% overall reduction in lung cancer mortality when comparing LDCT to chest X-ray, and the Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON) trial more recently reported a 24% reduction when comparing LDCT to no screening. Hence, the focus has now shifted to implementation research. Consequently, the 4-IN-THE-LUNG-RUN consortium based in five European countries, has set up a large-scale multicenter implementation trial. Suc-cessful implementation of and accessibility to LDCT lung cancer screening are dependent on many factors, not limited to population selection, recruitment strategy, computed tomography screening frequency, lung-nodule management, participant compliance, and cost effectiveness. This review provides an overview of current evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening, and draws attention to major factors that need to be addressed to successfully implement standardized, effective, and accessible screening throughout Europe. Evidence shows that through the appropriate use of risk-prediction models and a more personalized approach to screening, efficacy could be improved. Furthermore, extending the screening interval for low-risk individuals to reduce costs and associated harms is a possibility, and through the use of volumetric-based measurement and follow-up, false positive results can be greatly reduced. Finally, smoking cessation programs could be a valuable addition to screening programs and artificial intelligence could offer a solution to the added workload pressures radiologists are facing.

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Renal endothelial cells (ECs) play crucial roles in vasorelaxation, ultrafiltration, and selective transport of electrolytes and water, but also in leakage of the glomerular filtration barrier and inflammatory processes like complement activation and leukocyte recruitment. In addition, they are target cells for both cellular and antibody mediated rejection in the transplanted kidney. In order to study the molecular and cellular processes underlying EC behavior in renal disease, well characterized primary renal ECs are indispensible. In this report we describe a straightforward procedure to isolate ECs from the perfusion fluid of human donor kidneys by a combination of negative selection of monocytes/macrophages, positive selection by CD31 Dynabeads and propagation in endothelial specific culture medium. Thus, we isolated and propagated renal ECs from 102 donor kidneys, representative of all blood groups and major HLA class I and II antigens. Obtained ECs were positive for CD31 and von Willebrand Factor, expressed other endothelial markers such as CD34, VEGFR-2, TIE2, and PV-1 to a variable extent, and were negative for monocyte marker CD14 and lymphatic endothelial marker podoplanin. HLA class II was either constitutively expressed or could be induced by IFN-γ. Furthermore, we showed the diagnostic value of this renal endothelial biobank in renal endothelial specific cross matching tests for HLA antibodies.