SUMMARY: Harsha Ram explores the emergence of the Georgian feast, the supra , and its appropriation by modernist discourses in Georgian culture in late imperial discourses. By carefully tracing textual constructions of the supra , Ram argues that it emerged from the cross-fertilizing influences of the ethnic mix of Tbilisi and the poetic encounters of the Georgian modernists with high cultures of Britain and Russia. Ram sees the supra and the literary toast as participating in articulations of aesthetic power, popular sentiment, and political authority. The Georgian feast, which the modernists cultivated as one of the pillars of Georgian cultural identity, thus emerged from the encounters between Russian and Georgian poets and their respective contexts of military service, noble status, and imperial hierarchies. Ram envisions the multiple and complex origins of the Georgian feast as evidence to overcome the model of compensatory nationalism on the one hand, and Partha Chatterjee’s model of cultural difference as the nodal point of anticolonial difference. These multiple origins and contexts of the Georgian feast suggest an experience of celebration and resistance that cannot be reduced solely to the opposition of nation to empire, or to the derivation of nation from empire. In the absence of a bourgeois public sphere, the conspiratorial societies of the Decembrists, like the festive life of Tiflis’s taverns, served as spaces in which to imagine diverse kinds of belonging that were not primarily or exclusively national. Literary forms and the social relations they rhetorically performed or poetically disguised reveal the nonsynchronous cultural practices and social imaginaries that coexisted in the space of empire. As such, they also bore the seeds of the multiple political possibilities that ultimately lay before the diverse subjects of imperial Russia. The story of the supra reveals not only its hybrid literary origins but also the multiple cosmopolitan social ambiences in which feasting and toasting took place, from Tbilisi’s taverns to the officers’ quarters of the imperial armies under the command of the generals Ermolov or Paskevich. Only careful historical restoration of these cosmopolitan contexts can help avoid a reductively national or imperial reading of this cultural phenomenon. В публикуемой статье Харша Рам рассматривает возникновение грузинского пира – супры, и его интерпретацию в позднеимперских модернистских дискурсах грузинской культуры. Внимательно анали-зируя текстуальную историю супры, Рам приходит к выводу, что она возникла из этнической смеси, характерной для Тбилиси, где элементы разных культур обогащали друг друга, с одной стороны, и из поэти-ческого освоения грузинскими модернистами высоких английской и русской культуры – с другой. Супра и литературный тост, таким образом, предстают одновременно как способы артикуляции эстетической и политической власти и массовых настроений. Грузинский пир, который модернисты культивировали как одну из основ грузинской культурной идентичности, на самом деле был результатом взаимодействия между русскими и грузинскими поэтами в контекстах военной службы, дво-рянской культуры и имперских иерархий. Эта множественная и сложная генеалогия грузинского пира служит Раму аргументом против модели компенсаторного национализма и одновременно – против трактовки Парты Чаттерджи, согласно которой культурное различие составляет саму суть антиколониального различия. Множественные источники и контексты грузинского пира породили опыт празднования и сопро-тивления, который невозможно свести исключительно к оппозиции между нацией и империей или только к имперской генеалогии нации. В отсутствие буржуазной публичной сферы секретные общества де-кабристов, также как праздная среда тифлисских кабаков, служили пространством, в котором формировались различные понимания при-надлежности, не являвшиеся преимущественно или исключительно национальными. Литературные формы и риторически представляемые или поэтически маскируемые ими социальные отношения отражают несинхронные культурные практики и типы социального воображения, сосуществовавшие на пространстве империи. В этом качестве они нес-ли в себе целый спектр потенциальных политических возможностей, доступных разнообразным подданным Российской империи. Таким образом, история супры не только выявляет его гибридное литератур-ное происхождение, но и позволяет увидеть и понять множественные космополитичные социальные среды, в которых происходили пиры и произносились тосты – от кабаков Тбилиси до казарм, в которых рас-полагались подразделения имперской армии под командованием Ермо-лова или Паскевича. Только тщательная историческая реконструкция этих космополитических контекстов позволит избежать национальной редукции или имперского прочтения культурного феномена супры.
The article examines the controversial book AZ i IA (1975) by the Russian-language Kazakh writer Olzhas Suleimenov. Ostensibly a study of the Russian medieval classic The Song of Igor's Campaign, the book was quickly understood to be a pointed commentary on the history of Russo-Turkic relations and a vindication of the Central Asian nomads, who were seen as oppressed by imperial domination in the field of knowledge no less than in politics. While Soviet critics noted the tension between the book's scholarly premises and its ideological claims, they chose to ignore the deeper implications of AZ I IA as a hybrid genre that conflates the devices of poetry with the scholarly methods of historiography and linguistics. While earlier critics chose to hail or dismiss Suleimenov's ideas on the basis of their scientific accuracy, this article interprets his poetics and ideology as characteristic of a “Eurasianist” tradition in Soviet letters, represented in this case by the linguist N. Ia. Marr and the avant-garde poet Velimir Khlebnikov, both of whom can be said to anticipate essential aspects of Suleimenov's linguistic vision and epistemological orientation.
Genres travel in multiple directions. This article maps the evolution and movement of two lyric genres in Georgia, a small nation situated south of the Caucasus mountains, between Russia, Turkey, and Iran. The mukhambazi arose from a polyglot urban culture rooted in Near Eastern traditions of bardic performance and festivity, while the sonnet was imported around the time of the Russian Revolution as a marker of European modernization. The brief coexistence of these two genres allows for a reexamination of the foundational opposition between East and West. Moving beyond the familiar dichotomy of tradition and modernity, this essay explores the texts and debates of more than a century, reconstructing the discrepant cosmopolitanisms and multiple modernities that typified the Caucasus region. In doing so, it seeks both to make available a literary archive unknown to American readers and to contribute to ongoing debates on the relations between the local, the national, and the imperial as cultural formations.
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