Background: Enterococci are common commensal organism of enteric tract and act as opportunistic pathogen and may cause infection in community as well as in hospitalised individuals. In present study association of several types of virulence factors like haemolysin, gelatinase and biofilm formation have been studied among HLAR and Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) isolates of enterococci among UTI patients.Methods: The samples were collected from all hospitalized and OPD patients of MBS Hospital, JK Lone Hospital and NMC Hospital. Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India. A total of 360 isolates of enterococcus were collected during the period of 2 years from April 2016 to April 2018 in microbiology laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, India. All virulence factors were detected by phenotypic methods and MIC values were detected for high level gentamicin and vancomycin.Results: Among all enterococcal isolates most common factor was biofilm production 191 (53.05%) followed by haemolysin 131 (36.38%) and gelatinase production 72 (20%). Total resistant (MIC> 500 µg/ml) isolates for gentamicin was 194 (89.4%). In agar dilution 14 (11.2%) isolates were found sensitive, 61 (48.8%) isolates were found intermediate and 50 (40%) isolates were found to be resistant for vancomycin. HLAR and VRE was maximum associated with haemolysin + bio-film followed by gelatinase+biofilm, haemolysin+gelatinase+bio- film and least with haemolysin + gelatinase.Conclusions: In present study enterococcus show significant production of biofilm and other virulence factors. With production of biofilm they become more resistant to routinely used concentration of antibiotics posing threat for treatment failure. A continuous monitoring is needed particularly for resistance to aminoglycoside and vancomycin to stop their institutional spread. Judicial use of antibiotics should be encouraged both in community as well as in institutions.

Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of nail commonly caused by dermatophytes, yeast and mould. The prevalence of onychomycosis seems to vary across the world because of various socioeconomic and cultural factors. However, all the nail diseases are not fungal in origin Hence laboratory investigations are needed to differentiate accurately between fungal infections and other conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All clinically suspected cases of onychomycosis send to microbiological evaluation at Department of Microbiology Govt. Medical College & Hospital Kota over a period of one year (January to December 2012) were included in present study. RESULTS: A total of 109 samples (82 male and 27 females) were tested in period of one year (January to December 2012). Among them 55 samples (35 male and 20 females) showed fungal growth, the major pathogen found in present study were Tricophyton spp. 28 (50.9) followed by Candida 10 (18.18%) then Aspergillus spp. 9 (16.36%), Scopulariopsis 5 (9.09%), Fusarium 2 (3.63%) and Alternaria spp 1 (1.81%). DISCUSSION:-Onychomycosis is a chronic mycotic infection of finger nails and toe nails that affect the quality of life in a significant proportion. There has been a recent increase in the incidence as well as the spectrum of causative pathogens associated with onychomycosis. In our study we found more incidences among men 35 (63.63%) than women (36.36%). the most common etiology of onychomycosis is dermatophytes (Tricophyton) 50.9% but there is a considerable increase in Non dermatophytes moulds 17 (30.9%). For proper management of onychomycosis, diagnosis and accurate treatment play a key role in better outcome.

No abstract

No abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are very often encountered in patients with diabetes mellitus. Emergence of resistant bacterial strains in UTI Increases the cost of treatment, morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.Aims & Objectives: The study was aimed to determine the prevalence of UTI in diabetic patient and antimicrobial sensitivity of causative agents for early treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality. Results: Urine samples were taken from 100 proved diabetic patients attending Diabetic Clinic at NMCH, Kota and were subjected to culture and antibiotic susceptibility during September 2018 to August 2019. The overall prevalence of UTI in diabetics was (36%) with female predominance of (38.46 %) and in male with (31.42%). The UTI was common in age group between 20-40 years. E. coli (52.70%) was the most predominant bacterial isolate followed by Klebsiella (19.44%), Pseudomonas (08.33%), Enterococcus (08.33%), Staph. aureus (05.55%), Proteus mirabilis (02.77%) and CONS (02.77%). The most sensitive drug in our study was Imipenem followed by Amikacin for gram negative isolates. All the gram positive isolates were sensitive to Linezolid. Conclusion:This study provides a baseline data of current scenario of UTI in diabetic patient in our set up which can be utilized to formulate infection control strategies. An on-going study would be beneficial to maintain a track of the UTI prevalence in diabetic patients.