The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to significant psychological and economical distress. Within a year after COVID-19 was declared a pandemic, several vaccines against COVID-19 were approved for emergency use. The journey from vaccine discovery to global herd immunity against COVID-19 continues to present significant challenges revolving around its development, affordability, accessibility, and acceptability at both a country level and an individual level. The main challenge faced by developed countries is the acceptability of the COVID-19 vaccine and the main challenge faced by developing countries is the affordability and accessibility of the COVID-19 vaccine.

Sleep-related breathing disorders, including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and central sleep apnea (CSA), have a major impact on cardiovascular function. It has shown an association with hypertension, coronary artery disease, cardiac arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and congestive heart failure (CHF). This review focuses on highlighting the relationship between sleep apnea and CHF. We discuss the underlying pathophysiology, which involves the mechanical, neurohormonal, and inflammatory mechanisms; in addition, the similarities and differentiating clinical features of OSA in patients with CHF and without CHF. We have also discussed several treatment strategies, including weight loss, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), supplemental oxygen therapy, theophylline, acetazolamide, mandibular advancement device, and hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HGNS). We conclude that since there are several overlapping clinical features in patients with OSA with Heart Failure (HF) and without HF, early detection and treatment are crucial to decrease the risk of HF, coronary artery disease, and stroke.