During tsunami action on a structure, the structure is subjected to heavy loads with complex phenomena which include the interactions among tsunami, structure and air. In order to mitigate tsunami damages on structures, it is important to understand the characteristics of tsunami hydraulic loads acting on the structures with taking into account the above interactions. In the present study, the characteristics of tsunami forces on a building structure are investigated using a two-phase flow model. Two types of building models, a building without openings and with openings, were dealt with; and the effects of openings on the building under the tsunami hydraulic loads are examined. The simulation results were compared with the results obtained from one-phase flow simulation, and also verified with experimental data. The numerical results show good agreement with the measured ones. Furthermore, the effects of air taken into the flow and opening configuration on the characteristics of pressures and uplift forces were also discussed.

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The understanding of interactions between tsunami and structure is very important to consider tsunami countermeasures, though the interaction includes complex phenomena. For example, two-phase flow can be found when the tsunami hits a bridge structure with entrapping air beneath it. The air sometimes affects forces acting on the bridge, and the effect of entrapped air has to be taken into account to investigate the tsunami forces. This study is intended to investigate the tsunami forces acting on the bridge with using two-phase flow model. Three bridge models were tested in this study, where the slab bridge without girders beneath it, the slab with two girders, and the slab with three girders. The simulation results were compared with the results obtained from one-phase flow simulation, and also verified with experimental ones. This study revealed that, in the investigation of tsunami forces acting on the slab bridge without girder, the results of both one-phase simulation and two-phase one agree well with experimental results. In the simulation on the slab bridge with girders, the results from two-phase simulation correlate better with experimental results in comparison with the results from one-phase simulation. Furthermore, the entrapped air between girders highly affects the characteristic of uplift force.

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In relation with the coal mining business growth in Indonesia for the past 10 years, than it must also supported with the fulfillment of the applicable Laws, than the purpose of this disertation are, first, the author eagers to know and to find the Laws which specifically regulates the expansion buoying of Group Company especially in coal mining sector. Second, the author eagers to know about the implementation of Group Company expansion in coal mining sector. Third, to know, analyze, and to find the implication of Group Company expansion in mining sector toward monopoly practice and unfair business competition. In this research, the author uses the Juridical Empirical Method, a procedure of solving research problems by first, researching secondary data to continue with the primary data research on field. As for the type of the research are Literature and Field research. The results of this research are, first, that the Law No. 4 Year 2009 regarding Mineral and Coal Mining regulates about the buoying of group company, mentioning that the IUP and IUPK owners are banned from involving their sister company and/or their affiliation in mining service industry located in their mining area, except they have the Minister’s License. Meanwhile maximum area ownership of IUP in group company is not restricted. Second, the most common group expansion in coal mining industry are by establishing holding company, acquisition and joint venture. The principal motive of these actions are economy and psychology. Third, group company expansion in coal mining industry implicates on the growth of new companies and directly implicate the ownership of holding company shares in the sister company. In addition, group company expansion also implicates the business diversification as part of strategic action in order to dominate the upstream and downstream business. Last, group company expansion implicates on the rise of coal production which is at current condition it has not been implicates to monopoly prctice and unfair business competition. The coal production has major role in supporting the National and Regional development.