Motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), a disease caused by Aeromonas spp., is recognized as a major disease in freshwater aquaculture. This study aimed to investigate the distribution and diversity of Aeromonas spp. and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. A total of 86 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from diseased freshwater fishes from 13 farms in Thailand. All isolates were identified using biochemical characteristics, matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), polymerase chain reaction assays, and the gyrB gene sequence analysis. The result of MALDI‐TOF MS showed 100% (86 isolates) accuracy at genus‐level identification, and 88.4% (76 isolates) accuracy at species‐level identification. Six species of Aeromonas were confirmed through nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the gyrB gene Aeromonas veronii (72.1%), Aeromonas jandaei (11.6%), Aeromonas schubertii (9.3%), Aeromonas diversa (3.5%), Aeromonas hydrophila (2.3%), and Aeromonas punctata (1.2%). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for all isolates revealed resistance against amoxicillin (99%), ampicillin (98%), oxolinic acid (81.4%), oxytetracycline (77%), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (24%), and enrofloxacin (21%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index varied between 0.14 and 0.86, with MAR values more than 0.2 in 99% of isolates. Furthermore, four diverse multidrug‐resistant (MDR) patterns were found among Aeromonas isolates. Our finding show that A. veronii is the most abundant species in Thai cultured freshwater fish with the highest MDR patterns.

Eclipta alba L. is a medicinal plant included in the Asteraceae family. This plant is generally called as false daisy and bhringaraj. In traditional medicine, this plant is utilized to medicate various diseases in humans such as diabetes, coronary heart disease, gastrointestinal disease, skin disease, vitiligo, skin lesions, respiratory diseases and high blood pressure. Additionally, Eclipta alba has been widely utilized as a hair grower and dye. Eclipta alba contains various active compounds such as glycosides, triterpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, coumestans and polyacetyl. This plant is believed to have several pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anthelmintic, antimalarial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, analgesic, diuretic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, hair growth promoting, memory enhancing and antivenom. The aim of this review as discussions on the taxonomy, plant description, geographical distribution, phytochemistry, traditional use, medicinal value, pharmacological activity of the Eclipta alba L.

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