We designed three experimental 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based one-step (EX) adhesives consisting of MDP, urethane dimethacrylate, and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate adhesives with different water contents (98.4, 196.8, and 294.4 mg/g), and 4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitic anhydride (4-META) or 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-containing onestep adhesive. The effect of the amount of MDP-calcium (MDP-Ca) salt produced through demineralization of enamel and dentin on the bonding performance was examined. The efficacy of 4-META and HEMA was then discussed. When the amount of water in EX adhesive was increased, the production amount of MDP-Ca salt of enamel increased, but not the dentin. The enamel bond strength slightly increased with increasing the production amount of MDP-Ca salt, in contrast to the dentin. However, addition of 4-META in the EX adhesive (water content=98.4 mg/g) increased both bond strengths, although the production amounts of MDP-Ca salt significantly decreased. The 4-META enhances both bond strengths more effectively than the HEMA.

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The knowledge industry has an important function for regional economic development in cities and countries with strong knowledge economies. This study examined the characteristics of clustered Knowledge Intensive Business Services (KIBS) in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area and investigated the determinants of these enterprises’ locations. Using municipal‐level data, the significance of the determinants of KIBS’ locations was tested in a path analysis, followed by analysis of questionnaire survey data on KIBS enterprises. The results were as follows. First, several dense KIBS agglomerated clusters were found in central Tokyo and some inner‐suburban business districts. Ellison‐Glaeser index statistics confirmed that KIBS were more likely than non‐KIBS to geographically concentrate. Second, the most influential determinants of KIBS’ location were urban economies, food amenities, and nightlife amenities. The result of the questionnaire survey also implies that, in highly urbanized areas, a dense distribution of business enterprises, food and nightlife amenities, and sophisticated urban regional image creates a positive urban environment evaluation by KIBS enterprises and attracts them through direct and indirect causal relationships.