We give a classification of all exact structures on a given idempotent complete additive category. Using this, we investigate the structure of an exact category with finitely many indecomposables. We show that the relation of the Grothendieck group of such a category is generated by AR conflations. Moreover, we obtain an explicit classification of (1) Gorensteinprojective-finite Iwanaga-Gorenstein algebras, (2) Cohen-Macaulay-finite orders, and more generally, (3) cotilting modules U with ⊥ U of finite type. In the appendix, we develop the AR theory of exact categories over a noetherian complete local ring, and relate the existence of AR conflations to the AR duality and dualizing varieties.

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Abstract. Using the Morita-type embedding, we show that any exact category with enough projectives has a realization as a (pre)resolving subcategory of a module category. When the exact category has enough injectives, the image of the embedding can be described in terms of Wakamatsu tilting (=semi-dualizing) subcategories. If moreover the exact category has higher kernels, then its image coincides with the category naturally associated with a cotilting subcategory up to summands. We apply these results to the representation theory of artin algebras. In particular, we show that the ideal quotient of a module category by a functorially finite subcategory closed under submodules is a torsionfree class of some module category.

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