SUMMARYAlthough it is well known that cases with silicosis exhibit various immunological abnormalities, the mechanisms involved in the occurrence of immuno-dysfunction or dysregulation induced by silica compounds have not yet been determined. Fas is a well-known cell surface molecule that is involved in the apoptosis pathway that belongs to the tumour necrosis factor-receptor family. Soluble Fas (sFas) is produced as an alternatively spliced product of the Fas gene and protects cells from apoptosis due to antagonization of the binding between membrane form of the Fas gene (mFas) and the Fas ligand. To determine the role of the Fas/Fas ligand system in silicainduced immunological abnormalities, we investigated Fas and Fas-ligand message expression levels using the multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method with peripheral blood mononuclear cells from silicosis cases with no clinical symptoms of autoimmune diseases. Although the relative expression levels of the Fas or Fas-ligand genes were not remarkably altered in these cases, we observed the sFas message was dominantly expressed compared with mFas expression. These results suggest that self-recognizing clones in cases with silicosis survive for decades, escaping the exclusion mechanisms induced by apoptosis. Then they cause the appearance of autoantibodies and the acquisition of autoimmune diseases sequentially.

Dysregulation of apoptosis, particularly in the Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) pathway, is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recently, a soluble decoy receptor, termed decoy receptor 3 (DcR3), that binds FasL and inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis, has been identified. Silicosis is clinically characterized not only by respiratory disorders but by immunological abnormalities. We have found that serum soluble Fas (sFas) levels are elevated in silicosis patients and that sFas message is dominantly expressed in PBMC derived from these patients. This study examined DcR3 gene expression in PBMC derived from patients with silicosis, SLE, or progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), and compared it with that in healthy volunteers (HV). The relative expression level of the DcR3 gene was examined in PBMC derived from 37 patients with silicosis without clinical symptoms of autoimmune disease, nine patients with SLE, 12 patients with PSS, and 28 HV using the semiquantitative multiplex-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (MP-RT-PCR). The correlation between the relative expression level of the DcR3 gene and multiple clinical parameters for respiratory disorders and immunological abnormalities in individuals with silicosis was analysed. The DcR3 gene was significantly over-expressed in cases of silicosis or SLE when compared with HV. In addition, the DcR3 relative expression level was positively correlated with the serum sFas level in silicosis patients. It is unclear, however, whether over-expression of the DcR3 gene in silicosis is caused by chronic silica exposure, merely accompanies the alteration in Fas-related molecules, or precedes the clinical onset of autoimmune abnormalities. It will be necessary to study these patients further, establish an in vitro model of human T cells exposed recurrently to silica compounds, and resolve whether the increase in DcR3 mRNA expression is a cause or consequence of disease.

The quality and quantity of CD4+25+ regulatory T cells (Treg) in silicosis patients (SIL) were examined and' compared with results from healthy donors (HD) because SIL often develop autoimmune diseases along with pulmonary disorders. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 57 SIL and 50 HD were analyzed for Treg. Treg frequency and clinical parameters were subjected to a factor analysis. Treg and CD4+25-T cells (Tneg) from five HD and five SIL, sorted by flow-cytometer, were used for functional assays of Treg, the expression pattern of Treg specific genes (FoxP3, GITR and CTLA-4) and activation-related genes (CD122 and CD123). Although the actual frequency of Treg did not differ between SIL and HD, the age-corrected level was reduced in SIL. The factor analysis showed that Treg frequency was positively associated with the serum level of IL-2. The inhibitory effect of Treg on Tneg activation was decreased when the Treg:Tneg ratio was 1:

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To clarify the effects of silica and silicates on cellular features of lymphocytes, a human T-lymphotropic virus type-1-immortalized polyclonal T-cell line, MT-2, was exposed to various concentrations of chrysotile-A, an asbestos classified as silicate. MT-2 cells underwent apoptosis in a dose-and time-dependent manner. The mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was activated during chrysotile-A-induced apoptosis of MT-2 cells, because of the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, increase of BAX and release of cytochrome-c from mitochondria to cytoplasma. In addition, anti-oxidants such as hydroxyl-radical excluders and capturers of superoxide and inhibitors of superoxide production effectively reduced the size of the apoptotic fraction in MT-2 cells cultured with chrysotile-A. These results indicate that the activation of reactive oxygen species may play a central role in asbestos-induced T-cell apoptosis, and anti-oxidants may help to prevent complications of pneumoconiosis.