This study presents an empirical analysis of purchasing power parity for 10emerging market economies, namely Brazil, India, Indonesia, South Korea, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, South Africa and Turkey. This is done by using cointegration technique. Time series properties of nominal exchange rate and price series show that they are nonstationary. The exchange rate and price series do not appear to be cointegrated for most of the countries. We reject the validity of purchasing power parity for Brazil, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, South Africa, South Korea and Turkey, but we can accept it for Mexico and Peru.

Foreign direct investment can be outlined as the net inflows of investment to take possession of permanent management. Foreign direct investments can support poverty alleviation especially for developing countries which needs capital. Global foreign direct investment sums $1.5 trillion in 2019 decreased to a calculated $859 billion in 2020 as the UNCTAD report indicates. Foreign direct investment flows are expected to remain weak with uncertainty due to Covid-19. For almost 25 years, extreme poverty, was steadily declining, on the contrary, expected to rise in 2020 between 88 million and 115 million added as the disruption of the Covid-19 on the global supply chain due to lockdowns. Time series analysis of foreign direct investments and poverty reduction relationship for Turkey between the 1996-2019 period confirms that foreign direct investment net infows reduce poverty: %1 increase of FDI inflow to Turkey increases % 0.011 of household final consumption which used as proxy for poverty. Turkish policymakers should develop an appropriate economic environment to appeal as much as foreign direct investment to Turkey.

Purpose The study aims to examine the export-led growth (ELG) hypothesis for Bangladesh. The direction of causality between export and output largely determines the success of export-oriented trade policies. A unidirectional causality running from export to output growth is required according to the narrow definition, while bidirectional causality is allowed for the broader definition. The study offers the causality inference, both from narrow and broader senses. Design/methodology/approach The study uses the bootstrap version of Toda and Yamamoto-modified causality tests, a recent development in time series econometrics, robust against the regularity conditions such as stationarity, properties of integration and cointegration and constancy of parameters. It uses monthly secondary data for the period of 1990-2014. Findings Test results suggest a unidirectional positive causal relationship from exports to output growth, meaning that the policies and strategies supporting exports are promoting output growth and thereby approve the ELG hypothesis for Bangladesh from the narrow sense. However, the absence of bidirectional causality between export and output growth, necessary to support the ELG hypothesis from the broader perspective, discards the conjecture that output growth is reinvigorated through the probable second-round effects of ELG produced from output growth to exports. Practical implications Lower investments in infrastructure, technology and education are reasons for the absence of ELG from the broader sense. Therefore, directing returns generated from exports for the development of technology, infrastructure and human capital, with regular and continuous revision of trade-liberalization policies so as to make its exports more competitive in the world market, will help Bangladesh trigger the second-round effect of ELG produced from output growth to exports. Originality/value Beyond the conventional approaches, this is the first contemporary time series econometrics causality analysis between export and output growth of Bangladesh, both from narrow and broader senses.

ÖZETBu çalışmada Türkiye'de ihracat performansı ile reel efektif döviz kuru değişmeleri arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli ilişkiler, 1995-2012 dönemi üçer aylık veriler kullanılarak incelenmiştir. İhracat performansını etkilemesi beklenen ücret, yurtdışı gelir, verimlilik, GSYH trendi ve döviz kuru oynaklığı gibi başka faktörler de modele eklenmiştir. Çalışmanın analiz kısmında ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı izlenmiş ve tahmin edilen ARDL modellerine göre değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ilişkileri araştırılmıştır. Ulaşılan sonuçlar, incelenen değişkenlerin eşbütünleşik olduğunu göstermektedir. İhracat performansına ilişkin olarak, teorik beklentilerin aksine, reel efektif döviz kuru katsayılarının anlamlı bir biçimde kısa dönemde pozitif uzun dönemde ise negatif olduğu ve döviz kuru oynaklığının anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Diğer bulgular, Türkiye'de ele alınan dönemde yaşanan ihracat artışlarının döviz kuru değişmelerinden çok ücret, verimlilik ve yurtdışı talep ile açıklanabileceğini göstermektedir. Buna göre sonuç olarak, Türkiye'de ücretleri baskı altında tutan, verimlilik artışını teşvik eden ve yurtdışı piyasalara girmeyi kolaylaştıran politikaların, ihracat sektörlerinde performans ve rekabet artışları sağlayabileceği görülmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: İhracat hacmi, ihracat performansı, ARDL sınır testi yaklaşımı, Türkiye. ABSTRACTIn this study the short and the long run relationships between export performance and real effective exchange rate changes in Turkey are investigated using the quarterly data sets covering the period of 1995-2012. The other factors that are expected to affect export performance such as wage, foreign income, productivity, trend GDP and exchange rate volatility are also added to the model. The ARDL bounds testing approach is performed in the estimation process and the causalities among these variables in the model are determined based on the estimated ARDL models. The empirical results reveal that the variables of interest are cointegrated. Real effective exchange rate coefficient is significantly positive in the short run whereas negative in the long run and exchange rate volatility has no significant effect on export performance in contrast with theoretical expectations. Other evidences indicate that Turkey's export boom in the period examined can be explained by wages, productivity and world demand, rather than exchange rate changes. Consequently, these findings highlight that the policies depressing wages, stimulating high productivity and facilitating foreign market access can help export sectors increase their performance and competitiveness in Turkey.

PurposeThe study mainly aims to examine the currency misalignment of Turkish lira and evaluate if it has an impact on economic growth of Turkey.Design/methodology/approachIt relies on Johansen cointegration technique for measuring currency misalignment relying on single-equation approach and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to evaluate how misalignment affects economic growth. The sample period covers from 1980 to 2016.FindingsThe study identifies that terms of trade, relative productivity differences, net foreign asset, investment and trade openness determine the equilibrium REER of Turkey, and the degree of currency misalignment is observed at a substantial level. The outcome of the ARDL approach suggests that higher currency misalignment reduces economic growth. Turning to the separate impacts of undervaluation and overvaluation, while the former falters economic growth, the later promotes it, a finding contrary to the conventional expectation. Therefore, the use of exchange rate as a policy variable is a critical concern to avoid misalignment for sustained economic growth.Practical implicationsThe anti-growth effect of undervaluation and misalignment is an indication of redistribution of income which could be verified by examining the aggregate consumption behavior of the economy in response to RER movements.Originality/valueThe impacts of currency undervaluation and overvaluation on economic growth of Turkey have been studied in a number of time-series studies. But there is no documented study on the role of currency misalignment on Turkish economic growth. This study is the first that examines how the economic growth of Turkey is influenced by currency misalignment together with the impact of undervaluation and overvaluation.