The retina is the neural portion and light‐sensitive layer of the eye, which has been observed in most of the vertebrates. The retina is composed of light‐sensitive cells that absorb light and convert it into neural signals. These signals are sent to the brain for visual recognition. It has been shown that many pathogenesis conditions, including inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and imbalanced histone modifications in the retina are associated with initiation and progression of retinal diseases (ie, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age‐related macular degeneration). Currently available treatments include laser surgery, freezing, stem‐cell therapy, shrinking abnormal blood vessels. It has some limitations, such as invasive methods, high costs, and many side effects. Hence, finding a new therapeutic platform for stopping or slowing of the disease progression is required. Curcumin is a natural product, which is associated with a wide range of properties, such as antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, antiangiogenic, and antitumor activates. It exerts therapeutic effects via activation/inhibition cellular and molecular targets involved in various diseases, such as retinal diseases. Increasing evidence revealed that curcumin can be used as a therapeutic option in the treatment of different retinal diseases. Here, we summarized various clinical and preclinical studies that used curcumin as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of retinal disorders.

Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States [3] Nutritional anaemias [4] Body iron is associated with cognitive executive planning function in college women [5] Effect of iron deficiency anemia on audiovisual reaction time in adolescent girls [6] Prevalence of anemia among pregnant women and adolescent girls in 16 districts of India [7] Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent schoolgirls from Kermanshah, Western Iran [8] Status of iron deficiency anemia in female students at third degree level of high school in Kashan [9] Iron deficiency anemia in a group of Turkish adolescents: frequency and contributing factors [10] Iron deficiency anemia in Dubai Medical College for Girls: A preliminary study [11] The study of iron deficiency anemia prevalence among aja nursing faculty students, Tehran [12] Iron deficiency anaemia in reproductive age women attending obstetrics and gynecology outpatient of university health centre in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia [13] A method for preparing silica-containing iron (III) oxide adsorbents for arsenic removal [14] Homocysteine and vitamin B12 status and iron deficiency anemia in female university students from Gaza Strip, Palestine [15] Interaction of iron deficiency anemia and hemoglobinopathies among college students and pregnant women: A multi center evaluation in India [16] Prevalence of irondeficiency anaemia among university students in Noakhali region, Bangladesh [17] Prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassaemia trait among undergraduate medical students [18] Prevalence of anemia and microcytic anemia among women in northwestern Tabriz [19] Iron deficiency anemia in adolescents; a literature review [20] Socioeconomic status and puberty are the main factors determining anaemia in adolescent girls and boys in East Java, Indonesia [21] Mean hemoglobin levels in venous blood samples and prevalence of anemia in Japanese elementary and junior high school students [22] Assessment of the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia, by serum ferritin, in pregnant women of Southern Iran [23] Prevalence and severity of anemia and iron deficiency: Cross-sectional studies in adolescent schoolgirls in western Kenya [24] Estimating the intake of dietary factors related to iron deficiency anemia in non-pregnant women aged 15-45 years old in Zanjan [25] Risk and prevalence of anemia among women attending public and private universities Aims Anemia occurs for different reasons. However the Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is one of the most prevalent causes of anemia in all human communities. The goal of the present study was to assess the effect of serum Ferritin deficiency on anemia in medical students. Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on students of Kashan University of Medical Sciences in all educational stages in 2011. 323 students were selected randomly. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, ferritin and RDW indices were measured. The data was analyzed by SPSS 13 statistical software usi...

Background:To evaluate any change in tear indices and confocal microscopic findings after corneal collagen crosslinking (CXL) in patients with progressive keratoconus.Methods:Thirty-two consecutive eyes from 23 patients having progressive keratoconus were enrolled in this prospective, interventional cohort study. The standard crosslinking surgery was performed for all patients. Visual, refractive, and topographic evaluations were done before and at 6 months after surgery. Tear function tests and confocal microscopic examination were performed before and at 1 month and 6 months after the procedure.Results:There was no significant change in Schirmer-1 test results and tear osmolarity at 1 month and 6 months after CXL. Using confocal microscopy, all eyes showed reduced or absent subepithelial nerve plexus. Differences in basal epithelial cell density, epithelial mean cell area, and keratocyte density in anterior and middle stroma and endothelial cell pleomorphism were all significant at 1 month and 6 months after CXL (P < 0.05). No significant change was noted in endothelial cell count and their polymegathism at 6 months follow-up. Significant improvement was noted in uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, flattest corneal meridian (K2), and maximum keratometry in Pentacam (Kmax) after 6 months of the procedure.Conclusions:While CXL would have no effect on tear indices and endothelial cell count, it can cause a significant reduction in subepithelial nerve plexus and significant alterations in epithelial cell density in the anterior and middle stroma.

No abstract