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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the penile vascular function by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) in patients with Peyronie's disease. A total of 136 men with Peyronie's disease were strati®ed according to their potency by history as Group I consisting of potent patients and Group II consisting of patients with erectile dysfunction. They were all evaluated by penile CDU.Overall, 70.6% had erectile dysfunction by history. CDU revealed penile vascular abnormalities in 76.5%. In Group I, veno-occlusive dysfunction (VOD) was observed in 40% while mixed (arterial venous) vascular disease was diagnosed in 10%. Penile vascular disease was detected in 87.5% patients in Group II (ie VOD in 28%, arterial disease in 9.3% and mixed vascular disease in 50%). The prevalence of arterial disease on CDU among Peyronie' patients with erectile dysfunction (59.3%) was signi®cantly (P`0.05) higher then it was among potent patients (10%). The prevalence of pure VOD was almost similar for patients with or without erectile dysfunction (P`0.05).We conclude that penile vascular abnormalities can be observed in 76.5% on cases with Peyronie's disease by CDU and this ratio signi®cantly increases to 87.5% among cases with erectile dysfunction by history. Our data also indicate that arterial disease, accounts for much of the diminished rigidity in men with Peyronie's disease.

Peyronie's disease is most commonly seen in the ®fth decade of life. However, a wide range of age (20 ± 83 y) is reported. During a 6-year period, men with Peyronie's disease presenting under the age of 40 were reviewed retrospectively and followed-up. The prevalence of Peyronie's patients presenting under age 40 was 8.2%. Their mean age was 32.47 AE 5.37 (range: 23 ± 39) y and 78.9% of them presented during the acute phase of the disease. Pain on erection was a part of presenting symptom complex in 52.6% and the majority (84%) had a degree of penile curvature`60 . Erectile dysfunction (ED) was present in 21% of patients, who responded well to intracavernous injection test. After a minimal 2-year follow-up, improvement in penile deformity was observed in 36.8%, and 42.1% had stable disease while 21% experienced deterioration of the penile curvature. The onset of Peyronie's disease is clinically more noisy and acute in patients presenting under age 40 and this forces the physicians to treat them more vigorously.

Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language has gained significance in recent years. Teaching Turkish to foreigners requires specific expertise entirely different from teaching Turkish as the native language. Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language requires alternative studies in parallel with up-to-date language teaching approaches. The focus on Teaching Turkish as a Foreign Language has recently gained significance and is relatively new; research on this new branch of social sciences is limited. Therefore, textbooks aiming at teaching Turkish as a foreign language, as well as the institutions providing courses of Turkish as a Foreign Language, demonstrate variety with regards to the way each of them approaches to specific topics in teaching; although they seek to achieve a common goal, their approaches vary. These differences stem from the fact that there is not a common perspective towards teaching. Teaching vocabulary for Turkish as a Foreign Language stands out as one of the topics that require further attention. Questions such as "which and how many words to teach first?" should be addressed in the first phase of teaching vocabulary. This study briefly addresses these questions and provides a general proposal for the approaches to be adopted to answer them. The second phase should mainly focus on how and through which methods vocabulary should be taught. Existing studies in the field unfortunately do not concentrate on these issues as much as they should. Focusing on the effects of the agglutinative structure of Turkish as well as the variety of affixes on generating new words in Turkish is considered to be of particular use in teaching vocabulary. The effects of the agglutinative structure of Turkish on generating new words is somewhat neglected by existing textbooks. The effective use of derivational suffixes facilitates the formation of new words from the words that are already familiar, which is expected to help students enrich their vocabulary. This study focuses on the methods and techniques to be employed while teaching vocabulary in Turkish as a Foreign Language by taking the structural characteristics of Turkish into account.

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