Background: West Nile virus is an arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) and emerging cause of significant illness in European and Mediterranean countries. West Nile virus infection can cause severe and potentially fatal neurological illnesses, including encephalitis, meningitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Additionally, immunosuppression, alcohol abuse, old age, and diabetes mellitus are common factors associated with West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Case Report: In August 2018, a 60-year-old male patient with a history of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma initially presented with symptoms including abdominal pain and distention, nausea, and vomiting. Three days after open abdominal surgery due to adhesive small bowel obstruction, he developed fever, prominent tremors, and rapidly progressing flaccid paralysis. The identification of West Nile virus RNA in the serum sample led to the diagnosis of West Nile neuroinvasive disease. Conclusion: Clinicians should evaluate patients with acute flaccid paralysis for the evidence of West Nile neuroinvasive disease. It is particularly important for healthcare providers to consider West Nile neuroinvasive disease in the differential diagnosis of aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and acute paralysis cases, especially in endemic areas.

Medical nutrition therapy is one of the core components of the patient management, although its implication is still limited in daily practice globally. Clinicians are in need of guidance that will ease the application of medical nutrition therapy. The first treatment choice in medical nutrition therapy is the use of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) after or concomitant with dietary interventions. The pre and post-graduate curriculum for medical nutrition therapy is limited in most regions, worldwide. A report that is short, clear, and having clear-cut recommendations that will guide the primary healthcare professionals in indications, choice, practical application, follow-up, and stopping ONS would facilitate the application and success of medical nutrition therapy. KEPAN is the Clinical Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Society of Turkey and is an active member of the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN). In this study, we present the KEPAN ONS consensus report on optimal ONS use in medical nutrition therapy as outlined by works of academicians experienced in clinical application of ONS (eight working group academicians and 19 expert group academicians). This report provides 22 clear-cut recommendations in a question-answer format. We believe that this report could have a significant impact in the ideal use of ONS in the context of medical nutrition therapy when clinicians manage everyday patients.

Amaç: Sezaryen doğum sırasında uygulanan spinal anestezi , maternal hipotansiyona neden olabilmekte ve tedavi amaçlı ilk olarak vazopresörler tercih edilmektedir. Norepinefrin, güçlü α-adrenerjik ve zayıf β-adrenerjik etkisiyle kalp hızı ve kalp debisi üzerinde daha az olumsuz etki ile kan basıncını korumada diğer vazopressörlerden üstün olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada sezaryan doğum sırasında post-spinal hipotansiyon yönetiminde üç farklı bolus doz norepinefrinin etkinlik ve güvenliğini karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Metot: Çalışmaya elektif şartlarda sezaryen uygulanacak 37-42 haftalık, 18-40 yaşlarında, ASA I-II fiziksel statüsüne sahip 100 hasta dahil edildi. Hastalar 4 gruba ayrılarak spinal anestezi yapıldıktan sonra Grup I’e % 0.9 NaCl (Salin), Grup II’ye 0.05 µg.kg-1, Grup III’e 0.075 µg.kg-1 ve Grup IV’e ise 0.1 µg.kg-1 tek doz norepinefrin toplam 2 ml olacak şekilde bolus uygulandı. Sistolik kan basıncı değeri