The rapid spread of the SARS-Cov-2 virus, the increase in the number of patients with severe COVID-19, and the high mortality rate created the basis for the production of safe and effective vaccines. Studies have confirmed the increased risk of severe Covid-19 disease and mortality in cancer patients. It is logical that cancer patients should be the first to receive the primary vaccination and the booster vaccine for Covid-19. Since studies related to cancer patients and the effectiveness of existing Covid-19 vaccines have not been widely conducted, there are significant uncertainties about the effectiveness of the vaccine and the level of humoral and cellular immune responses in these patients. As a result, the possible risks and side effects of existing vaccines are not clear for patients with different cancers who are undergoing special treatments. In this study, we will discuss the effectiveness and safety of existing vaccines on cancer patients. In addition, we highlight factors that could affect the effectiveness of vaccines in these patients and finally discuss opportunities and challenges related to vaccination in cancer patients.

In developed countries, the biggest factor leading to death is cigarette smoking, where smoking causes cancers, congestive heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, and other diseases. This study was conducted at Al-Mustaqbal University College -Hilla -Iraq, to evaluate the effect of smoking types on lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and iron. The study included 24 samples of males and the study targeted three groups: the control group (group 1= 7) without smoking, regular cigarette R.C (group 2= 8) smokers of regular cigarettes, and the last group 3 (electron cigarette E.C) comprised of 9 samples (people who smoke electronic cigarettes). The samples studied were of a similar age group ranging from 19 to 30 years. The levels of triglycerides and cholesterol were observed to increase in group 2 compared to the control group. The level of HDL increased in group R.C. by comparing it with the control group, while the iron level increased in group E.C. in comparison to both the groups (control and R.C). The results showed that the use of electronic cigarettes E.C. was less severe than regular cigarettes R.C., while both had high marks compared to the control group.