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Around View Monitoring (AVM) system uses multiple input cameras mounted on different positions of a vehicle to display 360° bird-eye-view around the vehicle that is not readily visible to the driver. The development of this system will contribute to the reduction of parking accidents by monitoring its surroundings, detecting lanes and identifying obstacles. With AVM, we can significantly decrease the number of minor accidents. AVM will not only be used for parking assistance but can also assist navigation in the narrow path area. Conventional AVM systems developed in the market using four or six cameras and requires an additional sensor for detection in order to minimise stitching error or to reduce the time to calibrate the output display image. The procedure is timeconsuming and increases the cost of development. We propose to develop two ultra-wide-angle cameras located on the front and rear vehicle integrated with the motion estimation (ME) algorithm to produce a parking bird eye view and forward/backward trajectory lines. From our ablative analysis, optical flow is not suitable to be used for realtime ADAS systems as it fails at least 25.5% of the time. However, block matching algorithm based on normalized cross-correlation (CCORR NORMED) and normalised correlation coefficient (CCOEFF NORMED) were able to detect all templates correctly with 0% of false detection on our dataset.

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The global focus in emulsion fuels is due to the advantages over conventional diesel fuels. It has the capabilities to simultaneously reduce the emissions of NOx and smoke. It also said to reduce the fuel consumption of diesel engine by significant percentages. However, due to the interdependency on surfactant, emulsion fuel does not seem to be possible as alternative fuel in an economic perspective. This is because of the high market price of the commercial surfactant. Therefore, this research focused on non-surfactant W/D that produced by a system known as Real-Time Non-Surfactant Emulsion Fuel Supply System (RTES). RTES has been applied with the goal of investigating the impact on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption of a mechanical pump fuel injection system diesel vehicle (MP) and a common rail fuel injection system diesel vehicle (CR). A one-ton truck represents as MP (Mechanical Pump) and an SUV represent as CR (Common rail) are the test vehicles for the said research. The non-surfactant W/D with 6.5 wt.% of water produced by the RTES used as the test fuel and named as E6.5. It has been emulsified in the RTES right before being injected into the diesel vehicles. The testing was performed on a chassis dynamometer following the West Virginia University 5-peak cycles. The findings show that the utilization of non-surfactant W/D has increased the fuel consumption by 7.39% for MP and 3.2% for CR respectively as compared with base diesel fuel. NOx, smoke emissions and exhaust temperature have significantly reduced by the MP relative to CR vehicles. Overall, the concept of non-surfactant W/D seems to have implementation potential for reducing harmful emissions from both diesel-powered vehicles.