The main objective of the present study was to develop a valid and appropriate model to evaluate companies' efficiency and environmental performance, concerning health, safety, and environmental management system principles. The proposed model overcomes the shortcomings of the previous models developed in this area. This model has been designed on the basis of a mathematical method known as Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In order to differentiate high-performing companies from weak ones, one of DEA nonradial models named as enhanced Russell graph efficiency measure has been applied. Since some of the environmental performance indicators cannot be controlled by companies' managers, it was necessary to develop the model in a way that it could be applied when discretionary and/or nondiscretionary factors were involved. The model, then, has been modified on a real case that comprised 12 oil and gas general contractors. The results showed the relative efficiency, inefficiency sources, and the rank of contractors.

This research proposed a new construct, Islamic environmental consciousness (IEC), and developed a measurement scale to support this construct. Churchill's (J Mark Res 16(1):64-73, 1979) paradigm, adapted by Negra and Mzoughi (Internet Res 22(4):426-442, 2012), was utilized. A total of 32 items were generated based on the verses of the Qur'an from nine interviews with teachers in an Islamic seminary. This set of items was reduced to 19 after dropping redundant or non-representative items. In a pilot study, factor analysis of the 19-item scale yielded a two-factor structure scale of seven items with a reliability ranging from 0.7 to 0.8. The Islamic environmental consciousness scale (IECS) was statistically confirmed and validated in a subsequent investigation. The proposed measurement scale warrants further exploratory study. Future research should assess the IECS's validity across different Muslim countries, locales, and various Islamic schools of thought and practice. IEC is proposed as a new construct that focuses primarily on the Qur'an and seeks to achieve acceptance by both Sunni and Shia denominations. In this study, both cognitive attitudes and behavioral aspects were considered in the design of the IECS.

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Abstract:The ever-increasing significance of the health, safety, environment and quality Management system has led general contractors including those involved in the oil and gas industry to place the implementation of this integrated system on their agenda, in a way that the implementation and execution of this system is considered as one of their operation and development strategies. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the environmental performance of the oil and gas upstream (exploration and production) general contractors, which is deemed as one of the major dimensions of the system. To carry out this research, in addition to evaluate of the environmental performance of international and Iranian contractors under the foregoing system, a comparison is ultimately drawn between the performances of the two groups of contractors. To gather information, a questionnaire was used to measure 31 indicators whereby the variables related to the environmental performance were evaluated. The indicators were then weighted according to HSEQ professionals' views and the value and score of each variable as well as the environmental performance were educed. Comparative statistical tests were used to analyze the findings. The results of these tests showed that the environmental performance of international contractors is superior to that of Iranian contractors. The reasons behind this superiority, based on the mentioned tests, might be described as follows: 1) Environmental risks reduction measures; 2) Management process; 3) weakness in the implementation of the health, safety, environment and quality management system including the lack of a particular and independent department, non-preparation of the relevant guideline and the inefficiency of the relevant department. In consideration of the foregoing as well as the mentioned weak points and shortcomings, which are seen when a comparison is drawn with international contractors, it is recommended that Iranian contractors set up a particular and independent department which might prepare managerial procedures and establish the required enforcement guarantee.