Introduction: Acute leukemias are a group of malignancies with clinical, morphologic, immunologic, and molecular patterns and display patterns of surface antigen expression (CD antigens). Precursor cells from different blast cells in acute leukemia express different subdivisions of surface molecules many of which are now defined as cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens. Every leukemia type has specific set of CD markers, what constitute nowadays current classification of hematopoietic malignancies and the basis of diagnosis. The expression of CD markers on leukocytes can be determined by flowcytometry. Immunophenotyping improves both accuracy and reproducibility of acute leukemia classification. Flow cytometry is a technique used to analyze multiple phenotypic and functional parameters simultaneously within a single cell or a population of cells. Aim of the work: Assess the prevalence of aberrant expression of CD markers in cases with acute leukemia in Sohag University Hospitals. Patients and Methods:This study was carried out in the Clinical Pathology Department, faculty of medicine, Sohag university hospital on fifty (50) newly diagnosed acute leukemia patients who were subjected to bone marrow aspiration, their ages ranged between 1.5 to 71 years, 29 (58%) of them were males and 21 (42%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1, during the period from November 2015 to October 2016. Results: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia positive for the following CD markers CD10, CD19, TdT, HLA-DR and expressing CD33 and case of AML (M4-M5) expressing CD7 lymphoid marker. Conclusion: Aberrant expression of CD markers is seen in several cases of acute leukemia. The frequency of aberrant antigen expression in acute leukemia was comparable with most published international data. The presence of aberrancy helps to identify a neoplastic process.

Chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), is the most common type of leukemia (a type of cancer of the white blood cells) in adults representing 25%-30% of all leukemias, CLL is a disease of adults. Most (>75%) people newly diagnosed with CLL are over the age of 50, and the majority are men, The leukemia is characterized by a clonal expansion of long-lived mature-appearing B lymphocytes that co-express the CD5, CD19, and CD23 surface antigens.CD39 (ectonucleotidase, NTDPase1) is an ADPase found on the surface of endothelial cells, normal lymphocytes and other leukocytes, Its principal function on the endothelial cell surface is to decrease platelet activation and recruitment by metabolizing platelet-released adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In leukocytes the enzyme has a variety of other direct or indirect effects as well, including modulation of cytokine expression and the inflammatory response. The aim of this study to review the role CD39 in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and correlate it with the severity of the disease. A total of 5 papers were obtained using the mentioned keywords in the research of all internet-based databases. The total number of cases in all of the studies was 716 cases.The mean age was recorded in 5 papers was 64.7 years. There are different method of detection of CD39 in different studies such as flow cytometry and immunohistochimistry .

Introduction: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor in females in almost all of countries with highest age-adjusted incidence in developed countries (73%) and includes the 23% of all types of cancers. World Health Organization (WHO) report shows that this prevalence rising 2% per year. As a matter of fact, BC is responsible for most of deaths due to cancer in women all over the world. According to surveys which were globally conducted, the overall rate of BC is higher in American and European women compared to the Asian, and it may be related to the life style of Asian population. Aim of the work: Aim of this work was to determine the diagnostic value of BRCA1 gene mutations in female patients with breast cancer, also to correlate them with the presence or absence of family history of breast cancer and to allow identification of individuals at high risk.Patients and Methods: The study was carried on fifty women, included twenty-five female patients with breast cancer presented to Medical Oncology Department at Sohag University Hospital from 2015 to 2017, their age ranged from (25-70 years). Patients were diagnosed by clinical examination and confirmed by mammography and surgical biopsies; fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or core needle biopsy (CNB) and CA15-3. Other twenty-five women were healthy control not relatives to the patients. Results: Our study suggested that the prevalence of BRCA 1 mutations is lower in Sohag Conclusion: Also, the low percentage of the 185delAG mutation in BRCA1 in BC suggested that is insufficient to justify screening in the Egyptian population. Our study suggested that the prevalence of BRCA 1 mutations is lower in Sohag. So, complete BRCA 1 genes sequence analysis might be required for identification of specific mutation in Egyptian. .

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), also known as chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), is the most common type of leukemia (a type of cancer of the white blood cells) in adults, CLL affects B cell lymphocytes,Immunoglobulin-like transcript-3 (ILT-3), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is a transmembrane inhibitory receptor expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) as well as on endothelial cells The aims of this study was to evaluate the expression of ILT-3 in acute and chronic leukamias and its relation to other diagnostic markers and if it has a role in leukamiogenesis A total of 5 papers were obtained using the mentioned keywords in the research of all internet-based databases Patients and Methods: Case control study, included 30 patients 15 patients with CLLand 15patients no detectable disease recruited from Sohag university hospital and the mean age of each of them was 32.8 years. There are different method of detection of IL3 in different studies such as PCR, ELISA and (FCM). Results: The frequency of ILT3 positive CLL B cells was higher in patients with lymphoid tissue involvement, suggesting that ILT3 may have prognostic value in CLL

Connective tissue diseases (