Chitooligosaccharide with a 2,5-anhydro-D-mannofuranose unit at the reducing end (COSamf) was prepared in certain degree of polymerization DP by nitrous deamination of a partial Ndeacetylated chitosan. COSamf was then modified into COSamf derivative by functionalizing its 2,5-anhydro-D-mannofuranose (amf) unit. Therefore, one-pot reductive amination of COSamf in ammonium acetate buffer by 2,5-dichloroaniline and NaBH 3 CN was applied. This route was effective to generate antibacterial COSamf derivative in high yield. The structure of synthesized COSamf derivative was characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopies. COSamf derivative has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli with diameter zone of inhibition 12,5 mm and 10,5 mm, resvectively.

The research about bio-filtration of peat water using paddy chaff coated by carbon as filter biomaterial has been conducted. Iodimetry titration method was selected for determination of BOD and COD concentration, while gravimetry method and UV/Vis spectrophotometry is used to determinate TSS and humic acid containing in sample. The results of filtration with bio-filter lock up this paddy able to reduce organic compounds in peat water. The existence of coating carbon causing of BOD 22.37 mg/L (without carbon 27.73 mg/L), COD 54.30 mg/L (without carbon 86.02 mg/L), TSS 120 mg/L (without carbon 155 mg/L) concentration was decreasing, especially at the third step of filtration.