Osteoporosis appeared as an emerging health problem of patients with CVID, the risk increasing with older age and poorer lung function. Nutritional, biochemical, and immunologic factors appeared to take part in decreased BMD. Insight into the mechanisms of osteoporosis in CVID is crucial to develop preventive strategies.

In the management of moderate acute asthma attack, nebulized CS (2000 mcg daily) was found to be as effective as systemic route with regard to clinical improvement. In addition, immunological parameters were more in favor of nebulized route which may imply a salutary effect of local CS usage.

Background: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been successfully employed in IgE-mediated respiratory allergies. However, it is not known whether the modulation of immune responses in the sublingual area during SLIT has any deleterious effect on oral health. We sought to determine the oral health prospectively in children receiving SLIT for house dust mite allergy. Material and Methods: Eighteen children with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis and 31 age-matched healthy controls (HC) were included in an open-labeled trial. Oral health was evaluated by scoring the decayed, missing, and filled teeth for primary (dmft) and permanent (DMFT) dentition, and the plaque and gingival indices. Moreover, cariogenic food intake and teeth-brushing habits were also noted at baseline and at 19 months. Results: The mean age of the SLIT participants was 9.5 ± 3.1 years and that of the HC was 9.2 ± 3.7 years. The mean duration of SLIT was 19.13 ± 3.81 months. At baseline, the total dmft and DMFT indices were similar in the SLIT and HC groups (p > 0.05), which demonstrated poor hygiene overall. In the within-group comparisons at the examination at 19 months, the SLIT group had a lower number of carious primary teeth and a higher number of filled primary teeth compared to the count at baseline (p = 0.027 and p = 0.058, respectively). Conclusion: Our study showedno detrimental effect of SLIT onoral health during a period of 19 months of follow-up. Parents should be motivated to use dental health services to prevent new caries formation since our cohort had overall poor oral hygiene at the baseline.