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Bio-Liquid Fuel Production from StrawOf the liquid fuels that may be produced from rice straw through liquid fermentation, bio ethanol fuel with its high oxygen content and octane no. is most important, but other compounds may also be advantageously produced from rice straw such as biobutanol and butanediol glycol. Rice straw is an especially attractive material for bio ethanol production although several challenges and limitations occur in the process of converting it to ethanol due to its high ash and silica content.The processes involved in bio ethanol production after an appropriate pre-treatment include hydrolysis of the straw to obtain hydrolyzate, followed by anaerobic fermentation.

Heat transfer analysis of the radiation section in a fired process heater was carried out in order to determine the flue gas and process fluid temperatures in the zone separating the convection and the radiation sections. Such a determination is a pre-requisite for the heat transfer analysis of the convection section.A Matlab computer programme for the heat transfer analysis of the convection section was written and the results presented graphically including process heat load, the amount of absorbed heat per layer in the convection section and the temperature profiles of combustion gases, tube wall and process fluid.

Two basic methods are normally employed for the calculation and estimation of the thermal efficiency of fired heaters, viz. the direct and the indirect methods, where the net calorific value is used in the former and the gross calorific value is used in the latter. Two Matlab programmes based on these methods were written and applied for the calculation of the thermal efficiency of a crude oil heater. The results are presented in the form of Sankey diagrams.