Expression of stem cell markers ALDH1, Notch1, and CD44 correlates with poor prognosis in a CRC and represents an independent prognostic factor. They are associated with a feature of epithelial-mesenchymal transition evidenced by their association with high tumor burden.

Primary breast lymphoma (PBL) is considered a rare clinical entity forming about 0.4%-0.5% of all breast tumors.In this report we have presented a case of PBL in a 56-year-old female complaining of a mass in the upper medial quadrant of the breast.PBL suspicion of our case was made by breast radiology and the sure diagnosis was reached by the immunohistochemistry results; CD (cluster of differentiation) 20: was diffusely positive; Pan-CK (pan-cytokeratin): was diffusely negative in tumor cells. Hence, the case was finally diagnosed as a primary breast a primary breast diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of lymphoma.The management and outcome of PBL and carcinoma are totally different. Accurate diagnosis of PBL by true cut needle biopsy and immunocytochemistry is important to avoid unnecessary mastectomies.

Abstract. Normal cells produce energy either through OXPHOS in the presence of oxygen or glycolysis in its absence. Cancer cells produce energy preferably through glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen, thereby, acquiring survival and proliferative advantages. Oncogenes and tumour suppressors control these metabolic pathways by regulating the expression of their target genes involved in these processes. During hypoxia, HIF-1 favours high glycolytic flux by upregulating glycolytic enzymes. Conversely, p53 inhibits glycolysis and increases OXPHOS expression through TIGAR and SCO2 gene expression, respectively. We hypothesise that the p300/ CBP-associated factor (PCAF) as a common co-factor shared between p53 and HIF-1 plays an important role in the regulation of energy production by modulating SCO2 and TIGAR gene expression mediated by these two transcription factors. The possible involvement of HIF-1 in the regulation of SCO2 and TIGAR gene expression was investigated in cells with different p53 status in normoxia-and hypoxia-mimicking conditions. Putative hypoxia response elements (HREs) were identified in the regulatory region of SCO2 and TIGAR gene promoters. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that HIF-1 was recruited to the putative HREs present in the SCO2 and TIGAR promoters in a cell type-dependent manner. Transcriptional assays endorsed the notion that PCAF may be involved in the determination of the SCO2 and TIGAR cellular levels, thereby, regulating cellular energy metabolism, a view supported by assays measuring lactic acid production and oxygen consumption in cells ectopically expressing PCAF. The present study identified HIF-1 as a potential regulator of SCO2 and TIGAR gene expression. Furthermore, evidence to suggest that PCAF is involved in the regulation of cellular energy production pathways in hypoxia-mimicking conditions is presented. This effect of PCAF is exerted by orchestrating differential recruitment of HIF-1α and p53 to the promoter of TIGAR and/or SCO2 genes, thereby, tailoring physiological needs and environmental conditions to SCO2 and TIGAR gene expression.

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Background: Histological analysis is used to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors, allowing for the definitive diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma (STS). Objective: To evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Subjects and Methods:The present cross-sectional study included a total sample of 18 participants with soft tissue sarcoma planned for surgery according to their tissue biopsy. Results: Regarding the characteristics of STS in the present results, the mean size was 20.1± 10.6 cm, ten patients (55.6%) had STS on the right side and 44.4% had STS on the left side. Only five patients (27.8%) had superficial STS and 13 (72.2%) had deep STS. Regarding the stages of STS, 2 (11.1%) were stage IA, 3 (16.7%) were stage IB, 4 (22.2%) were stage IIA, 6 (33.3%) were stage IIB, 1 (5.6%) was stage IIIA and 2 (11.1%) were stage IIIB. Regarding the histopathological diagnosis of STS, 2 (11.1%) had undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, 3 (16.7%) had liposarcoma, 7 (38.9%) had rhabdomyosarcoma, 3 (16.7%) had myxofibrosarcoma, and 3 (16.7%) had leiomyosarcoma. The comparison between males and females regarding characteristics and histopathological types of STS showed that there was no statistically significant difference. Conclusion: Males are more likely to be diagnosed with soft tissue sarcoma, while middle-aged people are disproportionately afflicted. The lower extremities are the most prevalent site of involvement, and rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common histologic subtype. The clinicopathological features of soft tissue sarcoma are not influenced by gender distribution.