The results were discussed in terms of differences between the styles in terms of information-processing demands. Practical ways of improving learning performance were also considered.

SUMMARYWhile prior research indicates that relationships exist between anxiety-stability and working memory, and cognitive style and anxiety-stability, they have not been considered together.The aim of this study was to consider how anxiety-stability is related to working memory, gender and style in interaction. The sample consisted of 179 12-13-year-old Year 8 secondary comprehensive school pupils in the UK. Teachers rated the level of anxiety-stability of pupils. Pupils completed an assessment of working memory efficiency, the Information Processing Index (IPI) (Riding, 2000a). They also did the Cognitive Styles Analysis (Riding, 1991) to determine their positions on the two fundamental cognitive style dimensions, which were indicated by two ratios -the Wholist-Analytic ratio and the Verbal-Imagery ratio.Working memory capacity and cognitive style interacted in their relationship with anxietystability, such that higher memory was associated with a greater increased stability for Wholist-Verbalisers and Analytic-Imagers than for Analytic-Verbalisers and WholistImagers. The results were discussed in terms of the unitary versus complementary nature of style combinations.

Background and Aims: Generalized anxiety and depression are prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases leading to many complications. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and behavioral activation on depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted based on a pretest-posttest design using a follow-up and control group. The study population consisted of elderly with type 2 diabetes who referred to five endocrine and metabolism clinics in region 11 of Tehran, Iran, during 2017. A total of 45 males and females were selected by purposive sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. Then they were assigned randomly to one control and two case groups. The Beck Depression Inventory (Second Edition) was utilized to measure the depression scale. In total, eight 90-min group intervention sessions were held weekly. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25) through analysis of covariance and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: The results showed that metacognitive therapy (F=15.07, P<0.001) and behavioral activation (F=7.09, P<0.008) were significantly effective on depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes, and there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in this regard (P<0.001). Conclusions: This study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of metacognitive therapy and behavioral activation on depression in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. The results showed that metacognitive therapy and behavioral activation were significantly effective on depression in this population with type 2 diabetes. Moreover, behavioral activation was more effective than metacognitive therapy on depression reduction.