Background Musculoskeletal diseases are significant cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. Knowledge regarding these conditions is essential to the medical practice. The purpose of this study is to assess the adequacy of undergraduate orthopaedic knowledge among IUA students. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among final year medical students at the faculty of Medicine of the International University of Africa who finished orthopedic teaching. The validated basic cognitive examination designed by Freedman and Bernstein, consisting of 25 short answer questions was used in this study. Overall scores and responses to the individual questions were analyzed. The recommended passing score of 73.1 per cent as suggested by Freedman and Bernstein was considered. Result Ninety–eight students took the examination. The students' scores in the cognitive part ranged from 6 to 25. The average cognitive score was 56.9%, with a range of 24–100%. Only six (6.12%) of participants obtained the passing score of ≥ 73.1%. Only one student obtains the full mark in the cognitive part (25 points out of 25 points). Thirty-two students (32.7%) considered orthopedic cases the most challenging to perform a physical examination and diagnosis. Most students (64.3%) rank bedside teaching rounds with the consultant as the most elements of learning environments have an impact on their orthopedic education. Forty (40.8%) of students thought the time allotted to orthopedics in the medical curriculum was inadequate. Fifty (51%) of students mention that they may consider orthopedic as a future career. Conclusion The majority of the IUA students were not achieved the pass mark set by Freedman and Bernstein validated basic musculoskeletal examination. Curriculum and teaching methods is inadequate and should be re-evaluated to address this problem.. Graduate medical education should provide a strong foundation for diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to assess Water Users Associations (WUAs) technically, financially and administratively as being partially responsible for spate irrigation system management in Gash Delta Agricultural Corporation in Sudan.Methodology WUAs were assessed using questionnaire, direct observation and focus group discussion. Accordingly, WUAs were categorized into very poor, poor, average, good and very good. FindingsThe results indicate that technically and financially, WUAs in Gash Delta Agricultural Corporation are poor. Administratively, WUAs classified as average. The results also indicated that WUAs located in the upper spate system perform better than that located in the middle system. Originality/valueThe study was based on an innovative idea of giving stakeholders part in development of the assessment criteria as it is the first study assessing WUAs in Gash spate irrigation systems in Sudan.

Background This study aimed to compare the duration of postoperative analgesia using intraperitoneal bupivacaine plus neostigmine or bupivacaine alone. In this randomized controlled trial, we included 56 adult patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy operation. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups bupivacaine group (B group) who received 50 ml bupivacaine 0.25% alone and bupivacaine-neostigmine group (BN group) who received 500 μg neostigmine added to 50 ml bupivacaine 0.25%. The study drug was instilled intraperitoneal according to group allocation before the start of the surgery. Primary outcome was the duration of analgesia. Other outcome included total dose of postoperative analgesic consumption and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Results Patients in BN group showed longer duration of analgesia after surgery and longer time for 1st analgesic dose than the patients in B group. Total dose of postoperative pethidine and the incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting were lower in number in the BN group than in the B group. Conclusions Intraperitoneal instillation of neostigmine as an adjunct to bupivacaine in elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy increased the duration of postoperative analgesia. Also, it might reduce postoperative pain and analgesic requirements as compared to bupivacaine 0.25% alone. Trial registration Name of the registry: Clinical trial Clinical Trial registration number: NCT04244097 Date of registration: 28 January 2020 URL of trial registry record: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04244097

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